For patient information, click Hypoventilation
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
In medicine, hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo means "below") to perform needed gas exchange. It generally causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. It can be caused by medical conditions, by holding one's breath, or by drugs, typically when taken in overdose. Hypoventilation may be dangerous for those with sleep apnea.
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Genetics
Associated Conditions
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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No underlying causes
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| Chemical/Poisoning
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No underlying causes
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| Dental
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No underlying causes
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| Dermatologic
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No underlying causes
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| Drug Side Effect
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Acetaminophen/Codeine Phosphate, Acetaminophen/Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Alcuronium, Alfentanyl, Alfentanil Hydrochloride, Alprostadil, Apomorphine, Aspirin/Caffeine/Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate, Aspirin/Codeine Phosphate, Aspirin/Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Atropine Sulfate, Baclofen, Brimonidine, Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Buprenorphine/Naloxone, Butalbital/Acetaminophen/Caffeine/Codeine Phosphate, Butalbital/Aspirin/Caffeine/Codeine Phosphate, Butorphanol, Butorphanol Tartrate, Carisoprodol/Aspirin/Codeine Phosphate, Cifenline, Clonazepam, Clonidine, Codeine, Codeine Phosphate/Guaifenesin, Codeine Sulfate, Dantrolene, Desflurane, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride, Diazepam, Diclofenac, Dihydrocodeine, Droperidol, Enflurane, Ethanol, Fentanyl, Fentanyl Citrate, Fentanyl/Droperidol, Halazepam, Homatropine Methylbromide/Hydrocodone Bitartrate, Hydrocodone, Hydrocodone Bitartrate, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/acetaminophen, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Hydrocodone bitartrate/Guaifenesin, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Ibuprofen, Hydrocodone bitartrate/Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride, Hydrocodone Polistirex/Chlorpheniramine Polistirex, Hydrocodone/Chlorpheniramine/Pseudoephedrine, Hydromorphone, Hydromorphone hydrochloride, Ipratropium, Isoflurane, Ketamine, Ketamine Hydrochloride, Levorphanol, Levorphanol Tartrate, Lidocaine, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Lorazepam, Magnesium, Meperidine, Meperidine Hydrochloride, Methadone, Methadone Hydrochloride, Methohexital, Methohexital Sodium, Midazolam,
Midazolam Hydrochloride, Morphine, Morphine Sulfate, Morphine Sulfate Liposome, Morphine Sulfate/Naltrexone Hydrochloride, Nalbuphine, Nalbuphine Hydrochloride, Nefopam, Neostigmine, Nortriptyline, OnabotulinumtoxinA, Opium, Oxycodone, Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Oxycodone Hydrochloride/Naloxone Hydrochloride, Oxycodon, Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Oxycodone Hydrochloride/Naloxone Hydrochloride, Oxycodone/Ibuprofen, Oxymorphone, Oxymorphone Hydrochloride, Pancuronium, Pancuronium Bromide, Pentazocine, Pentazocine Hydrochloride/Acetaminophen, Pentazocine Hydrochloride/Naloxone Hydrochloride, Pentazocine Lactate, Phenelzine, PolymixinB, Prilocaine, Prilocaine Hydrochloride, Promethazine, Promethazine Hydrochloride, Promethazine Hydrochloride/Codeine Phosphate, Promethazine/Phenylephrine/Codeine Phosphate, Propoxyphene, Propoxyphene napsylate/Acetaminophen, Quinine, Remifentail, Remifentanil Hydrochloride, Riluzole, RimabotulinumtoxinB, Sevoflurane, Sodium Oxybate, Succinylcholine, Succinylcholine Chloride, Sufentanil, Sufentanil Citrate, Tapentadol, Tapentadol Hydrochloride, Thiopental Sodium, Tilidine, Tramadol, Tramadol Hydrochloride, Tromethamine, Zanamivir
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| Ear Nose Throat
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No underlying causes
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| Endocrine
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No underlying causes
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| Environmental
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No underlying causes
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| Gastroenterologic
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No underlying causes
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| Genetic
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No underlying causes
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| Hematologic
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No underlying causes
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| Iatrogenic
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No underlying causes
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| Infectious Disease
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No underlying causes
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| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
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No underlying causes
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| Neurologic
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No underlying causes
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| Nutritional/Metabolic
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No underlying causes
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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No underlying causes
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| Oncologic
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No underlying causes
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| Ophthalmologic
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No underlying causes
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| Overdose/Toxicity
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No underlying causes
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| Psychiatric
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No underlying causes
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| Pulmonary
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No underlying causes
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| Renal/Electrolyte
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No underlying causes
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| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
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No underlying causes
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| Sexual
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No underlying causes
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| Trauma
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No underlying causes
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| Urologic
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No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous
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No underlying causes
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
- List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order. You may need to list across the page, as seen here
Differentiating type page name here from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Family History
Physical Examination
Appearance of the Patient
Vital Signs
Skin
Head
Eyes
Ear
Nose
Throat
Heart
Lungs
Abdomen
Extremities
Neurologic
Other
Laboratory Findings
Biomarker Studies
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
- Respiratory stimulants such as nikethamide were traditionally used to counteract respiratory depression from CNS depressant overdose, but were of only limited effectiveness.
- A new respiratory stimulant drug called BIMU8 is being investigated which seems to be significantly more effective and may be useful for counteracting the respiratory depression produced by opiates and similar drugs without offsetting their therapeutic effects.
- If the respiratory depression is from opioid overdose, then the overdose itself is usually treated with an inverse agonist, most likely naloxone, which will itself almost instantaneously stop the respiratory depression if caused by an opioid (and also, depending on the dose, plunge the patient into precipitated withdrawal).
Surgery and Device Based Therapy
Indications for Surgery
Pre-Operative Assessment
Post-Operative Management
Primary Prevention
Genetic Counseling
References
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