Yellow fever primary prevention
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Vaccination
In 1937 Max Theiler working at the Rockefeller Foundation developed a vaccine for yellow fever that gives a ten-year or more immunity from the disease and effectively protects people traveling to affected areas, while at the same time being a means to control the disease. Woodcutters working in tropical areas should be particularly targeted for vaccination. Insecticides, protective clothing, and screening of houses are helpful but not always sufficient for mosquito control; people should always use an insecticide spray while in certain areas. In affected areas mosquito control methods have proven effective in decreasing the number of cases.[1] Recent studies have noted the increase in the number of areas affected by mosquito-borne viral infections and have called for further research and funding for vaccines.[2],[3]
Indications
- Persons 9 months of age or older traveling to or living in a country that requires yellow fever vaccination for certain travelers. Check with your health-care provider.
- Persons 9 months of age or older traveling to a country that does not require yellow fever vaccination but is located in an area where the risk of yellow fever is known to exist. Check with your health-care provider.
If you continue to live or travel in yellow fever-endemic areas, you should receive a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine after 10 years. Yellow fever vaccine may be given at the same time as most other vaccines.
Contraindications and Precautions for Vaccination
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Vector Control
Use Insect Repellent
- When you go outdoors, use an EPA-registered insect repellent such as those containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin.
- Even a short time outdoors can be long enough to get a mosquito bite.
Wear Proper Clothing to Reduce Mosquito Bites
- When weather permits, wear long-sleeves, long pants and socks when outdoors.
- Mosquitoes may bite through thin clothing, so spraying clothes with repellent containing permethrin or another EPA-registered repellent will give extra protection.
- Clothing pre-treated with permethrin is commercially available.
- Mosquito repellents containing permethrin are not approved for application directly to skin.
Be Aware of Peak Mosquito Hours
- The peak biting times for many mosquito species is dusk to dawn.
- However, Aedes aegypti, one of the mosquitoes that transmits yellow fever virus, feeds during the daytime.
- Take extra care to use repellent and protective clothing during daytime as well as during the evening and early morning.
- Staying in accommodations with screened or air-conditioned rooms, particularly during peak biting times, will also reduce risk of mosquito bites.
References
- ↑ "Joint Statement on Mosquito Control in the United States from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. 2000-05-03. Unknown parameter
|accessmonthday=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help) - ↑ Pugachev KV, Guirakhoo F, Monath TP (2005). "New developments in flavivirus vaccines with special attention to yellow fever". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 18 (5): 387–94. PMID 16148524.
- ↑ Petersen LR, Marfin AA (2005). "Shifting epidemiology of Flaviviridae". J Travel Med. 12 Suppl 1: S3–11. PMID 16225801.