Community-acquired pneumonia diagnostic criteria
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Several criteria have been studied for the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of community acquired pneumonia.
The Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI)
The pneumonia severity index is a clinical prediction rule that medical practitioners can use to calculate the probability of morbidity and mortality among patients with community acquired pneumonia.[1]
Development of the PSI
The rule uses demographics (whether someone is older, and is male or female), the coexistence of core morbid illnesses, findings on physical examination and vital signs, and essential laboratory findings. This study demonstrated that patients could be stratified into five risk categories, Risk Classes I-V, and that these classes could be used to predict 30-day survival.
Data Source for Derivation and Validation
The rule was derived then validated with data from 38,000 patients from the MedisGroup Cohort Study for 1989, comprising 1 year of data from 257 hospitals across the US who used the MedisGroup patient outcome tracking software built and serviced by Mediqual Systems (Cardinal Health). One significant caveat to the data source was that patients who were discharged home or transferred from the MedisGroup hospitals could not be followed at the 30-day mark, and were therefore assumed to be "alive" at that time. Further validation was performed with the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team [PORT] (1991) cohort study. This categorization method has been replicated by others[2] and is comparable to the CURB-65 in predicting mortality.[2]
Usage and Application of the PSI
The purpose of the PSI is to classify the severity of a patient's pneumonia to determine the amount of resources to be allocated for care. Most commonly, the PSI scoring system has been used to decide whether patients with pneumonia can be treated as outpatients or as (hospitalized) inpatients. A Risk Class I pneumonia patient can be sent home on oral antibiotics. A Risk Class II-III pneumonia patient may be sent home with IV antibiotics or treated and monitored for 24 hours in hospital. Patients with Risk Class IV-V pneumonia patient should be hospitalized for treatment.
The PSI Algorithm
The PSI Algorithm is detailed below. An online, automated PSI calculator is available on the US AHRQ website.
Step 1 Does the patient has any of the following conditions?
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No
Risk Class I | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Step 2
Assess the following conditions and assign the corresponding scores:
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∑ <70 = Risk Class II | ∑ 71-90 = Risk Class III | ∑ 91-130 = Risk Class IV | ∑ >130 = Risk Class V | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PSI Derivation and Validation Data
| Medisgroup Study (1989) | PORT Validation Study (1991) Cohort | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derivation Cohort | Validation Cohort | Inpatients | Outpatients | All Patients | ||||||
| Risk Class | no. of pts | % died | no. of pts | % died | no. of pts | % died | no. of pts | % died | no. of pts | % died |
| I | 1,372 | 0.4 | 3,034 | 0.1 | 185 | 0.5 | 587 | 0.0 | 772 | 0.1 |
| II (<70) | 2,412 | 0.7 | 5,778 | 0.6 | 233 | 0.9 | 244 | 0.4 | 477 | 0.6 |
| III (71–90) | 2,632 | 2.8 | 6,790 | 2.8 | 254 | 1.2 | 72 | 0.0 | 326 | 0.9 |
| IV (91–130) | 4,697 | 8.5 | 13,104 | 8.2 | 446 | 9.0 | 40 | 12.5 | 486 | 9.3 |
| V (>130) | 3,086 | 31.1 | 9,333 | 29.2 | 225 | 27.1 | 1 | 0.0 | 226 | 27.0 |
| Total | 14,199 | 10.2 | 38,039 | 10.6 | 1343 | 8.0 | 944 | 0.6 | 2287 | 5.2 |
Note: % Died refers to 30-day mortality.
The CURB65 Clinical Prediction Rule
CURB-65 is a clinical prediction rule that has been validated for predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia[3] and infection of any site[4]. The CURB-65 is based on the earlier CURB score[5] and is recommended by the British Thoracic Society for the assessment of severity of pneumonia.[6]
CURB-65
The score is an acronym for each of the risk factors measured. Each risk factor scores one point, for a maximum score of 5:
- Confusion (defined as an AMT of 8 or less)
- Urea greater than 7 mmol/l (Blood Urea Nitrogen > 20)
- Respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute or greater
- Blood pressure less than 90 systolic or diastolic blood pressure 60 or less
- Age 65 or older
Predicting Death from Pneumonia
The risk of death increases as the score increases.
| CURB-65 Score | Risk of death |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0.7% |
| 1 | 3.2% |
| 2 | 13.0% |
| 3 | 17.0% |
| 4 | 41.5% |
| 5 | 57.0% |
The CURB-65 has been compared to the pneumonia severity index in predicting mortality from pneumonia.[2]
Predicting Death from Any Infection
A cohort study of patients with any type of infection (half of the patients had pneumonia), the risk of death increases as the score increases[4]:
- 0 to 1 <5% mortality
- 2 to 3 < 10% mortality
- 4 to 5 15-30% mortality
Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Recommendation Criteria for Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults[7]
Major Criteria
- Invasive mechanical ventilation
- Septic shock with the need for vasopressors
Minor Criteria
- Respiratory rate >30 breaths/min
- PaO2/FiO2 ratio <250
- Multilobar infiltrates
- Confusion/disorientation
- Uremia (BUN level, >20 mg/dL)
- Leukopenia (WBC count, <4000 cells/mm3)
- Thrombocytopenia (platelet count, < 100,000 cells/mm3)
- Hypothermia (core temperature, <36 degrees C)
- Hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation
Clinical Prediction Rule for Predicting Pulmonary Infiltrates Based on Clinical Findings
A clinical prediction rule found the five following signs from the medical history and physical examination best predicted infiltrates on the chest radiograph of 1134 patients presenting to an emergency room:[8]
- Temperature > 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C)
- Pulse > 100 beats/min
- Crackles
- Decreased breath sounds
- Absence of asthma
| Number of Findings | Primary Care | Emergency Room |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | 47% | 75% |
| 4 | 27 | 56 |
| 3 | 8 | 22 |
| 2 | 4 | 11 |
| 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
References
- ↑ Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, Kapoor WN. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243–250. PMID 8995086
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Aujesky D, Auble TE, Yealy DM; et al. (2005). "Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia". Am. J. Med. 118 (4): 384–92. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.006. PMID 15808136.
- ↑ Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R; et al. (2003). "Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study". Thorax. 58 (5): 377–82. PMID 12728155.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Howell MD, Donnino MW, Talmor D, Clardy P, Ngo L, Shapiro NI (2007). "Performance of severity of illness scoring systems in emergency department patients with infection". Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 14 (8): 709–14. doi:10.1197/j.aem.2007.02.036. PMID 17576773.
- ↑ Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC; et al. (2001). "Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines". Thorax. 56 (4): 296–301. PMID 11254821.
- ↑ "BTS Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults". Thorax. 56 Suppl 4: IV1–64. 2001. PMID 11713364.
- ↑ Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults". Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 44 Suppl 2: S27–72. doi:10.1086/511159. PMID 17278083. Retrieved 2012-09-06. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Heckerling PS, Tape TG, Wigton RS; et al. (1990). "Clinical prediction rule for pulmonary infiltrates". Ann. Intern. Med. 113 (9): 664–70. PMID 2221647.