Niaprazine
{{Drugbox | IUPAC_name = N-{4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]butan- 2-yl}pyridine- 3-carboxamide | image = Niaprazine.png
| tradename = | Drugs.com = International Drug Names | pregnancy_category = | legal_status = Rx-only | routes_of_administration = Oral
| metabolism = | elimination_half-life = ~4.5 hours | excretion =
| CAS_number = 27367-90-4
| ATC_prefix = N05
| ATC_suffix = CM16
| PubChem = 71919
| ChemSpiderID = 64930
| UNII_Ref = 
| UNII = R2H3YN6E3L
| KEGG = D07333
| C=20 | H=25 | F=1 | N=4 | O=1 | molecular_weight = 356.437 g/mol | smiles = Fc3ccc(N2CCN(CCC(NC(=O)c1cccnc1)C)CC2)cc3 }}
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Niaprazine (Nopron) is a sedative-hypnotic drug of the phenylpiperazine class.[1] It has been used in the treatment of sleep disturbances since the early 1970s in several European countries, including France, Italy, and Luxembourg.[2][3] It is commonly used with children and adolescents on account of its favorable safety and tolerability profile and lack of abuse potential.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
Originally believed to act as an antihistamine and anticholinergic,[10] niaprazine was later discovered to have no significant binding affinity for either the H1 or the mACh receptors (Ki = > 1 μM), and was instead found to act as a potent and selective 5-HT2A and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist (Ki = 75 nM and 86 nM, respectively).[11] It is virtually inactive at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2B, D2, and β-adrenergic, as well as at SERT and VMAT (Ki = all > 1 μM), but it does have some weak affinity for the α2-adrenergic receptor (Ki = 730 nM),[11] likely acting as an antagonist there as well.
Niaprazine has been shown to metabolize to the compound pFPP in a similar manner to how trazodone and nefazodone metabolize to mCPP.[12][13] It is unclear what role, if any, pFPP plays in the clinical effects of niaprazine.[11] However, from animal studies it is known that pFPP, unlike niaprazine, does not produce sedative effects, and instead exerts a behavioral profile indicative of serotonergic activation.[12]
References
- ↑ Kent, Angela; M. Billiard (2003). Sleep: physiology, investigations, and medicine. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. ISBN 0-306-47406-9.
- ↑ Swiss Pharmaceutical Society (2000). Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory (Book with CD-ROM). Boca Raton: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. ISBN 3-88763-075-0.
- ↑ David J. Triggle (1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 0-412-46630-9.
- ↑ Franzoni E, Masoni P, Mambelli M, Marzano P, Donati C (1987). "[Niaprazine in behavior disorders in children. Double-blind comparison with placebo]". La Pediatria Medica E Chirurgica : Medical and Surgical Pediatrics (in Italian). 9 (2): 185–7. PMID 2958783.
- ↑ Bodiou C, Bavoux F (1988). "[Niaprazine and side effects in pediatrics. Cooperative evaluation of French centers of pharmacovigilance]". Thérapie (in French). 43 (4): 307–11. PMID 2903572.
- ↑ Ottaviano S, Giannotti F, Cortesi F (October 1991). "The effect of niaprazine on some common sleep disorders in children. A double-blind clinical trial by means of continuous home-videorecorded sleep". Child's Nervous System : ChNS : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 7 (6): 332–5. doi:10.1007/bf00304832. PMID 1837245.
- ↑ Montanari G, Schiaulini P, Covre A, Steffan A, Furlanut M (1992). "Niaprazine vs chlordesmethyldiazepam in sleep disturbances in pediatric outpatients". Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 25 Suppl 1: 83–4. doi:10.1016/1043-6618(92)90551-l. PMID 1354861.
- ↑ Younus M, Labellarte MJ (2002). "Insomnia in children: when are hypnotics indicated?". Paediatric Drugs. 4 (6): 391–403. doi:10.2165/00128072-200204060-00006. PMID 12038875.
- ↑ Mancini J, Thirion X, Masut A; et al. (July 2006). "Anxiolytics, hypnotics, and antidepressants dispensed to adolescents in a French region in 2002". Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 15 (7): 494–503. doi:10.1002/pds.1258. PMID 16700077.
- ↑ Duchene-Marullaz P, Rispat G, Perriere JP, Hache J, Labrid C (1971). "[Some pharmacodynamical properties of niaprazine, a new antihistaminic agent]". Thérapie (in French). 26 (6): 1203–9. PMID 4401719.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Scherman D, Hamon M, Gozlan H; et al. (1988). "Molecular pharmacology of niaprazine". Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 12 (6): 989–1001. doi:10.1016/0278-5846(88)90093-0. PMID 2853885.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Keane PE, Strolin Benedetti M, Dow J (February 1982). "The effect of niaprazine on the turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain". Neuropharmacology. 21 (2): 163–9. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(82)90157-5. PMID 6460945.
- ↑ International review of neurobiology. New York: Academic Press. 1988. ISBN 0-12-366829-8.