Hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [2]
Overview
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the 5th most common tumor worldwide. The epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma exhibits two main patterns, one in North America and Western Europe and another in non-Western countries, such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia and Southeast Asia, and the Amazon basin. Men are more affected than women and it is more common between the 3rd and 5th decades of life. Hepatocellular carcinoma causes 662,000 deaths worldwide per year.[1]
Age
Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common between the 3rd and 5th decades of life.
Gender
Males are more affected than females.
Developed Countries
Hepatocellular carcinoma is generally rare tumor in the West. Metastasis from other parts of the body is the main cause for developing hepatocellular carcinoma in the western countries. Due to the advancement in the health care system in the western countries, hepatocellular carcinoma is usually discovered at early sages in comparison to the developing countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa.
Developing Countries
In some parts of the world, such as Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common cancer. It affects men more than women and the age of onset is between late teens and early 30s. This variation is due to the different methods of hepatitis B transmission in different populations. For example, infection at or around birth predispose to earlier cancers than if people are infected later. The time to develop hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis B infection can varies from years to decades. The average survival time from the time of hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis to death is about 5.9 months and about 3 months (median survival time) in Sub-Saharan Africa according to Manson's textbook of tropical diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the deadliest cancers in China.