Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]
Overview
The known risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include family history of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.
Risk Factors
The known risk factors in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include family history of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.[1]
| Known risk factors | Possible risk factors |
|---|---|
| Weakened immune system | Family history of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Autoimmune disorders | Exposure to pesticides |
| Certain infections | Exposure to trichloroethylene |
| Previous cancer treatment | Diet |
| Obesity | |
| Hair dyes | |
| Occupational exposures |
Known risk factors
- The likelihood of getting non-Hodgkin's lymphoma increases with age and is more common in men than in women.
Weakened immune system
- 1. Congenital immune system damage
- Inherited immunodeficiency disorders are very rare, but acquired ones are a little more common
- Inherited disorders
- Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT)
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
- X-linked lymphoproliferative disorder
- 2. Acquired immune system damage
- Acquired disorders
- Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
- HIV and AIDS
- Immunosuppressant drugs for
- Organ transplant (such as a kidney, heart or liver transplant)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Autoimmune disorders
- Linked with marginal cell lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
- Linked with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
- Linked with a higher risk for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL)
- Hashimotos thyroiditis
- Linked with a higher risk of developing primary thyroid lymphoma
Certain infections
- Viral infection
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- Causes infectious mononucleosis
- Occur most commonly in Africa
- Linked to Burkitt lymphoma
- Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type 1 (HTLV-1)
- Most common in southern Japan and the Caribbean
- Risk of developing adult T-cell lymphoma and leukemia
- Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
- Linked with primary effusion lymphoma, body cavity lymphoma and AIDS-related lymphoma
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- Higher risk of developing some types of Non-hodgkins lymphoma
- Bacterial infection
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
- Linked with gastric lymphomas, particularly mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)
- Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)
- Linked with a mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma)
Previous cancer treatment
- People who have received chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy
- People who have been treated for cancer have a higher risk of developing Non-hodgkin lymphoma for the rest of their lives
- The risk of developing Non-hodgkin lymphoma is greatest in the first 5 years after treatment
Possible risk factors
- Family history of Non-hodgkin lymphoma
- Non-hodgkin lymphoma is not generally considered to be familial, which means occurring in families more often than would be expected by chance
- Higher risk of Non-hodgkin lymphoma in people with a first-degree relative (a parent, brother, sister or child) who has been diagnosed with lymphoma
- Exposure to pesticides
- Exposure to certain pesticides, such as Agent Orange, may be linked with a higher risk of developing Non-hodgkin lymphoma
- Exposure to trichloroethylene
- Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used mostly to remove grease from metal
- Exposure to TCE may increase the risk of developing Non-hodgkin lymphoma
- Diet
- The link between Non-hodgkin lymphoma and diet is very complex
- Diets high in meat, dairy products and saturated fat may increase the risk of developing Non-hodgkin lymphoma
- Diets low in vegetables increase the risk of Non-hodgkin lymphoma
- Obesity
- May increase the risk of developing Non-hodgkin lymphoma , particularly large B-cell lymphoma
- Hair dyes
- Higher risk in people who used hair dye before 1980
- Risk affects people who used permanent dyes with dark colours in particular
- Risk may also be higher in hair dressers and barbers, who were exposed to the dye at work
- Occupational exposures
- Farming
- Rubber industry
- Wood and forestry
- Printing
- Welding