Croup historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S. Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS [2]
Overview
The word croup comes from the early modern english verb croup, meaning "to cry hoarsely"; the name was first applied to the disease in Scotland and popularized in the 18th century.[1] Diphtheritic croup has been known since the time of Homer's Ancient Greece and it was not until 1826 that viral croup was differentiated from croup due to diphtheria by Bretonneau.[2] Viral croup was then called "faux-croup" by the French, as "croup" then referred to a disease caused by the diphtheria bacteria. Croup due to diphtheria has become nearly unknown due to the advent of effective immunization.
Discovery
- The first reported cases of diptheritic Croup date back to Ancient Greece, speculated to the 12th century B.C.E.[2]
- Viral Croup was discovered and differentiated from diptheritic Croup in 1826 by French medical doctor Pierre Bretonneau[2]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- Initial therapies in the 1960s included:
- Cold water mist to alleviate symptoms.<refname = HistReview>Marchessault V (2001). "Historical review of croup". Paediatr Child Health. 6 (10): 721–3. PMC 2805983. PMID 20084146.</ref>
- Tracheotomy if the patient is hospitalized.<refname = HistReview>Marchessault V (2001). "Historical review of croup". Paediatr Child Health. 6 (10): 721–3. PMC 2805983. PMID 20084146.</ref>
- Nebulized Epinephrine was introduced as a Croup therapy in the 1970s', attempting to prevent hospitalization.<refname = HistReview>Marchessault V (2001). "Historical review of croup". Paediatr Child Health. 6 (10): 721–3. PMC 2805983. PMID 20084146.</ref>
- Glucocorticoids emerged as an effective therapy in the late 1980s' and early 1990s'.<refname = GlucoHist>Kairys SW, Olmstead EM, O'Connor GT (1989). "Steroid treatment of laryngotracheitis: a meta-analysis of the evidence from randomized trials". Pediatrics. 83 (5): 683–93. PMID 2654865.</ref>
- Budesonide, a nebulized glucocorticoid, emerged after a 1994 study by Dr. Terry Klassen et al.<refname = BudeHist>Klassen TP, Feldman ME, Watters LK, Sutcliffe T, Rowe PC (1994). "Nebulized budesonide for children with mild-to-moderate croup". N. Engl. J. Med. 331 (5): 285–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199408043310501. PMID 8022437.</ref>
References