Sandbox: ATL

Host susceptibility Vertical infection with HTLV-1 as infant Attained at an age of >50 years Male sex HLA-A*26, HLA-B*4002, HLA-B*4006, and HLA-B*4801 (Japanese ATL) Co-infected with Strongyloides stercoralis Laboratory markers A high level of sil-2R, more than 500 U/ml A high level of anti-HTLV-1, titer more than × 1,024 A high level of circulating abnormal lymphocytes, more than 0.6% A low level of of anti-Tax reactivity A high level of white blood cell count, more than 9,000/μL Viral markers A higher HTLV-1 proviral load level, more than 4 copies per 100 PBMCs