Seminoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Common risk factors for testicular seminoma include:
- Caucasian race
- Undescended testis
- 10-40x increased risk
- around 10% of seminoma are associated with undescended testis
- higher risk if intra-abdominal testis compared with intra-inguinal
- orchidopexy prior to puberty can reduce the tumor risk
- increased risk in the contralateral normally descended testis
- Previous tumor in contralateral testis
- Family history of testicular germ cell tumor
4x increase if father affected 9x if brother affected testicular microlithiasis ~8x increased risk of GCT in symptomatic testicle with microlithiasis 1 no increased risk found in asymptomatic testicles therefore screening is unlikely to be useful overall, microlithiasis is present in around 50% of GCT cases, but it is also very common in patients without cancer testicular dysgenesis testicular feminization Klinefelter syndrome other risk factors may include infections such as HIV, orchitis history of trauma organ transplant immunosuppression