Tick-borne encephalitis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ilan Dock, B.S.
Overview
The primary risk factors associated with tick-borne encephalitis are exposure to endemic environments and the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. More severe infections have been reported in individuals over the age of 50 years. Certain antibiotic treatment options have bee proven to activate the virus while others have caused its deactivation.
Risk factors
General Risk Factors
- Traveling or residing within endemic regions will increase chances of infection.
- Tick activity is generally heightened during certain the spring and summer months.
- Within endemic regions, tick may choose an animal host, including a domesticated animal such as a dog or cat.
- Although rare, cases of blood transfusion and organ transplantation have been recorded as methods of transmission.
- All together, individuals who spend time outdoors and/or have pets that go outdoors in endemic regions are at risk for tick-borne disease.[1]
Tick bites
- Individuals with frequent exposure to dogs and who reside near wooded areas or areas with high grass may also be at increased risk of infection.
Unpasteurized dairy products consumption
- Individuals who ingest unpasteurized milk and dairy products from infected livestock are at risk of infection.
Age
- Individuals above the age of 50 years are at more of a risk of developing severe complications associated with tick-borne encephalitis infections.[2]
Activating and Deactivating Antibiotics
- Although the TBE virus cannot be eradicated from the body, it can be inactivated. It can also be activated.[3]
- Certain antibiotics activate the TBE virus while others have no effect.
- TBE virus may be a coinfection with a Borrelia Burgdorferi infection, Lyme disease, which needs treatment with antibiotics.
- The Russians studied this matter for years and their findings were as follows: gentamicin exerts no activating effect while streptomycin and ten other antibiotics activate the virus. [4]
References
- ↑ General Information (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/index.html Accessed on December 30, 2015
- ↑ Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus: A General Overview. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/20866.pdf. Accessed February 4, 2016.
- ↑ The search for antibiotics not exerting activating action in the persistence of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Malenko G, Pogodina V (. 1989). "[The search for antibiotics not exerting activating action in the persistence of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]". Vopr Virusol. 34 (2): 197–200. PMID 2788330. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help); Check date values in:|year=(help) - ↑ Effect of gentamycin on persistence of tick-borne encephalitis.Pogodina V, Malenko G, Karmysheva V, Frolova M (1999). "[Effect of gentamycin on persistence of tick-borne encephalitis]". Vopr Virusol. 44 (1): 35–9. PMID 10190241. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)