Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Brian Shaller, M.D. [2], Ayokunle Olubaniyi, M.B,B.S [3]
Overview
ARDS may result from a wide variety of direct and indirect insults to the lung. The most common cause of ARDS is sepsis, followed by aspiration pneumonitis and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI).[1] Certain medical comorbidities (e.g., chronic liver or chronic kidney disease, alcoholism, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, prior organ transplantation) predispose to the development of ARDS, and the risk for developing ARDS increases along with the number of acute insults sustained by the patient (e.g., pneumonia and pancreatitis versus pancreatitis alone).
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
ARDS itself is a life-threatening condition that carries a high mortality rate; as such, any cause of ARDS may be considered life-threatening.
Common Causes
ARDS may occur as the result of either a direct or indirect insult to the lungs:
- Direct insult
- Pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic
- Aspiration pneumonitis
- Toxic inhalation
- Smoke inhalation
- Fat embolism
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Near-drowning (fresh water drowning seems to be more likely to cause ARDS than salt water drowning)
- Physical trauma to the lungs (e.g., pulmonary contusion)
- Indirect insult:
- Sepsis
- massive blood transfusion
- Adverse drug reactions and toxic exposures (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid overdose, heroin overdose)
- Extrapulmonary traumatic injury (e.g., head trauma, polytrauma)
- Pancreatitis
- Surface burns
- Cardiopulmonary bypass
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Pepe PE, Potkin RT, Reus DH, Hudson LD, Carrico CJ (1982). "Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome". Am J Surg. 144 (1): 124–30. PMID 7091520.
- ↑ de Prost N, Mekontso-Dessap A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Van Nhieu JT, Duong TA, Chosidow O; et al. (2014). "Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation". Crit Care Med. 42 (1): 118–28. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829eb94f. PMID 23989174.