Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care visits and emergency room visits.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Viruses cause up to 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis, and Between 65% and 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses.Herpes simplex virus comprises 1.3% to 4.8% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis. The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 135 in 10,000 population/ year. Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current estimates of prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are < 0.5%. The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis is still high in certain regions of the world, particularly in developing countries. A recent study found an estimated prevalence of 17% among nearly 1000 newborn infants in Pakistan, and Incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis remains high in Africa.[1][2]
Allergic conjunctivitis alone has been estimated in 6-30% of the general population and in up to 30% in children alone or in association with allergic rhinitis. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent form; however, studies from tertiary, ophthalmology referral centers report that the chronic forms, such as vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, are the most frequently seen by ophthalmologists.[3]
The prevalence keratoconjunctivitis ranges from 12 to 106 cases per 100,000 population.
Incidence
The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 135 in 10,000 population/ year. The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis ranges from 1-2%
Age
The incidence is higher in children <1 year old (8000 cases per 100,000 patient-years) than in children >4 years of age (1200 cases per 100,000 patient-years). While viral conjunctivitis is more common in adults, bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in children.
Gender
Conjunctivitis occurs equally in males and females.
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
References
- ↑ Laga M, Plummer FA, Nzanze H, Namaara W, Brunham RC, Ndinya-Achola JO; et al. (1986). "Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya". Lancet. 2 (8516): 1145–9. PMID 2877285.
- ↑ Azari AA, Barney NP (2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.
- ↑ Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D (2015). "Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 15 (5): 482–8. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204. PMID 26258920.