Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]
Overview
Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year..[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patient’s age, as well as the season of the year.
Viruses cause up to 80,000 per 100,000 persons of all cases of acute conjunctivitis. Between 65,000 per 100,000 persons to 90,000 per 100,000 persons of all cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Herpes simplex virus comprises 1,300 per 100,000 persons to 4,800 per 100,000 persons of all cases of acute conjunctivitis.[1]
Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis.[2]
Allergic conjunctivitis alone has been estimated from a low of 6,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 persons of the general population. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent form; however, studies from tertiary, ophthalmology referral centers report that the chronic forms, such as vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, are the most frequently seen by ophthalmologists.[3]
keraroconjunctivitis' sicca or Dry eye syndrome is very common, and prevalence estimates range from approximately a low of 10,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 30,000 per 100,000 persons of the general population
Incidence
The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children <1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient-years) than in children >4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient-years).
The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 individuals .
The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis ranges from a low of 1,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 2,000 per 100,000 persons
Age
While viral conjunctivitis is more common in adults, bacterial conjunctivitis is more common in children. A recent study identified 67% of 326 children with conjunctivitis as having a bacterial cause.[4]
keraroconjunctivitis' sicca or Dry eye syndrome affecting a significant percentage of the population, especially those older than 40 years.[5]
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic eye disease that especially affects young boys.[6]
Giant papillary conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis subtype, can be more aggressive in children who wear contact lenses.
Gender
Infective Conjunctivitis occurs equally in males and females.
Incidence of Sjögren's syndrome and keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with it are present much more commonly in women, with a ratio of 9:1. In addition, milder forms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca also are more common in women, an estimated 3.23 million women and 1.68 million men aged 50 years and older are affected. This is partly because hormonal changes, such as those that occur in pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause, can decrease tear production
Giant papillary conjunctivitis occurs equally in males and females.
Race
Infective conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races.
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis occurs predominantly in areas with tropical and temperate climates, such as the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Africa.
The frequency and the clinical diagnosis of dry eye syndrome appear to be greater in the Hispanic and Asian populations than in whites.[7]
Vernal keraroconjunctivitis commonly occurs in dark-skinned individuals from Africa and India.[8]
Developed Countries
Infective conjunctivitis is a common disease in the United States and worldwide.
Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current estimates of prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are < 0.5%.[9]
Developing Countries
Although the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is continuing to decrease in developing nations, periodic rises in incidence are seen during the monsoon seasons in many countries such as Bangladesh, and thus, bacterial conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infective conjunctivitis in developing nations. The incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis is still high in certain regions of the world, particularly in developing countries. A recent study found an estimated prevalence of 17% among nearly 1000 newborn infants in Pakistan, and Incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis remains high in Africa.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hørven I (1993). "Acute conjunctivitis. A comparison of fusidic acid viscous eye drops and chloramphenicol". Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 71 (2): 165–8. PMID 8333258.
- ↑ Laga M, Plummer FA, Nzanze H, Namaara W, Brunham RC, Ndinya-Achola JO; et al. (1986). "Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya". Lancet. 2 (8516): 1145–9. PMID 2877285.
- ↑ Leonardi A, Castegnaro A, Valerio AL, Lazzarini D (2015). "Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis: clinical appearance and treatment patterns in a population-based study". Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 15 (5): 482–8. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000204. PMID 26258920.
- ↑ Arsov D, Hrisoho D, Guceva B, Popovski B (1966). "[Renese in the treatment of the edematous syndrome]". God Zb Med Fak Skopje. 13: 353–8. PMID 5993231.
- ↑ Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA (2009). "Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies". Arch Ophthalmol. 127 (6): 763–8. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103. PMC 2836718. PMID 19506195.
- ↑ Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A (2004). "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis". Eye (Lond). 18 (4): 345–51. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700675. PMID 15069427.
- ↑ Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE (2000). "Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome". Arch Ophthalmol. 118 (9): 1264–8. PMID 10980773.
- ↑ Bremond-Gignac D, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, Pouliquen P, Doan S, Chiambarretta F; et al. (2008). "Prevalence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a rare disease?". Br J Ophthalmol. 92 (8): 1097–102. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.117812. PMID 18356259.
- ↑ Azari AA, Barney NP (2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.