Diabetic nephropathy overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by the presence of proteinuria or decreased renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus.[1][2][3]
Early Diabetic Nephropathy
The range of proteinuria in early DN is shown below[1][2][3]:
- Males: Microalbuminuria in the range of 30-300 mg/24 hrs or a spot urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of 30-300 mg/g
- Females: Microalbuminuria in the range of 30-300 mg/24 hrs or a spot urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of 20-200 mg/g
Overt Diabetic Nephropathy
Overt DN is defined according to the presence of proteinuria or according to renal function. The following ranges in overt DN are shown below[1][2][3]:
- Proteinuria > 500 mg/24 hrs or albuminuria > 300 mg/24 hrs.
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73m2
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Diabetic nephropathy from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
CT
MRI
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Surgery
Medical Therapy
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mogensen CE, Christensen CK (1984). "Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients". N Engl J Med. 311 (2): 89–93. doi:10.1056/NEJM198407123110204. PMID 6738599.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mogensen CE (1984). "Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes". N Engl J Med. 310 (6): 356–60. doi:10.1056/NEJM198402093100605. PMID 6690964.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Reutens AT, Atkins RC (2011). "Epidemiology of diabetic nephropathy". Contrib Nephrol. 170: 1–7. doi:10.1159/000324934. PMID 21659752.