Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2]
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Overview
If left untreated, ADHD can result in poor grades for schoolchildren or poor progress reports/possible termination for working adults. Untreated ADHD can also have negative social consequences, such as isolation from friends.[1]
Prognosis
The diagnosis of ADHD implies an impairment in life functioning. Many adverse life outcomes are associated with ADHD. During the elementary years an ADHD student will have more difficulties with work completion, productivity, planning, remembering things needed for school, and meeting deadlines. Oppositional and socially aggressive behavior is seen in 40-70 percent of children at this age. Even ADHD kids with average to above average intelligence show "chronic and severe under achievement". Fully 46% of those with ADHD have been suspended and 11% expelled.[2] Thirty seven percent of those with ADHD do not get a high school diploma even though many of them will receive special education services. The combined outcomes of the expulsion and dropout rates indicate that almost half of all ADHD students never finish highschool.[3] Only five percent of those with ADHD will get a college degree compared to twenty seven percent of the general population. (US Census, 2003)
References
- ↑ Briars, L., & Todd, T. (2016). A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT, 21(3), 192–206. http://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192
- ↑ U.S. Department of Education "How Does ADHD Affect School Performance?", 2007
- ↑ Template:PDFlink