Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder natural history, complications and prognosis
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2], Haleigh Williams, B.S.
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Overview
If left untreated, patients with ADHD may experience negative social consequences, such as isolation from and difficulty communicating with friends and loved ones. Patients are unlikely to experience any physical problems as a direct result of ADHD.[1]
Natural History
If left untreated, ADHD may cause negative social consequences, such as isolation from and difficulty communicating with friends and loved ones. ADHD patients are unlikely to experience any physical problems as a direct result of ADHD.[1]
The symptoms of ADHD usually develop in the first decade of life, and can appear as early as between the ages of 3 and 6. The symptoms of ADHD often continue through adolescence and adulthood.[2] The average age of onset of ADHD is 7 years.[3]
Without treatment, the patient will likely continue exhibiting symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, which can bear negative academic, professional, and social consequences. Adolescents with untreated ADHD have a higher incidence of drug abuse and law-breaking than healthy children.[1]
Complications
- Complications that can develop as a result of ADHD are poor grades for schoolchildren or poor progress reports/possible termination for working adults.[1]
- Complications that can develop as a result of the treatment of ADHD are elevated heart rate, agitation, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, lethargy, insomnia, and irritability.[4][5][6][7] Additionally, the SNRI Atomoxetine is associated with suicidal ideation in children and adolescents.[8][9]
Prognosis
The prognosis of ADHD is poor with treatment. Without treatment, ADHD often results in negative social and academic/professional consequences. Approximately 70% of patients who are diagnosed with ADHD as children continue to experience severe symptoms throughout adolescence and sometimes into adulthood.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Briars, L., & Todd, T. (2016). A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics : JPPT, 21(3), 192–206. http://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192
- ↑ National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). (2016). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder."
- ↑ Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6):617-27.
- ↑ Vitiello B, Elliott GR, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Hechtman L, Abikoff H; et al. (2012). "Blood pressure and heart rate over 10 years in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD". Am J Psychiatry. 169 (2): 167–77. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111705. PMC 4132884. PMID 21890793.
- ↑ "DrugBank: Methylphenidate".
- ↑ "DrugBank: Guanfacine".
- ↑ "DrugBank: Clonidine".
- ↑ Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM (2009). "Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents". Paediatr Drugs. 11 (3): 203–26. doi:10.2165/00148581-200911030-00005. PMID 19445548.
- ↑ Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, Reimherr FW, West SA, Allen AJ, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Dietrich A, Milton D (2003). "Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies". Biol. Psychiatry. 53 (2): 112–20. PMID 12547466.