Sandbox:Prince

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Prince	Tarek	Aysha
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Prince	Tarek	Aysha
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prognosis.22982649 The probability of MPE was higher in patients with larger tumors, mediastinal lymph node involvement, and adenocarcinoma, NSCLC not otherwise specified, or large-cell histology. In patients with stage M1b, median overall survival (3 months versus 5 months), estimated 1-year survival (12.6% versus 24.8%), and 2-year survival (5.4% versus 11.3%) were significantly lower in patients with MPE compared with those without MPE

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Tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Spain, and is one of the most frequent causes of pleural effusion. Although the incidence has steadily declined (4.8 cases/100,000population in 2009), the percentage of TBPE remains steady with respect to the total number of TB cases (14.3%-19.3%). Almost two thirds are men, more than 60% are aged between 15-44years, and it is more common in patients with human immunodeficiency virus The effusion is almost invariably a unilateral exudate (according to Light's criteria), more often on the right side, and the tuberculin test is negative in one third of cases.24721286

incidence and ivsestg. One hundred ninety cases of PPE were diagnosed. The annual incidence of PPE in the population under 18 years of age increased from 19.9 cases per 100,000 in 2004 to 35.2 per 100,000 in 2006. S. pneumoniae was the main causal agent identified: 82.9% of the 21.6% patients with positive culture. Non-vaccine serotypes (NVS) predominated (81.5%), and serotype 1 was responsible for 38.5% of cases. The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect S. pneumoniae increased etiological diagnosis from 21.6% to 42.1%. Antigen assays used to detect pneumococcus in pleural fluid demonstrated 87.9% sensitivity and 100% specificity when PCR was used as the gold standard. There has been an increase in the incidence of PPE that parallels the increase in CAP. S. pneumoniae remains the principal causal agent, and NVS clearly predominate. The use of PCR to detect S. pneumoniae substantially increases etiologic diagnosis. The use of antigen assays to detect pneumococcus in pleural fluid is a quick and sensitive diagnostic method, and thus a valid alternative to PCR. 19911359

The during 7 years 258 patients with malignant effusion (ME) of different ethiology were treated in clinic, that composed 13.8% among all patients with pleural effusion. It was discovered the increase of this complication frequence in 1.6 time. The main reasons of ME were lung cancer--in 42.6% of observations, pleural mezothelioma--in 19.3%, mammary glands cancer--in 6.9%, real reason of ME was not found in 13.9%. Aged patients (oldest 60 years) are risk group for discovering of ME, for pleural mezothelioma the next ages are risk 30-40 and oldest 60 years.15560580

Studies with data on incidence and serotypes were included; reviews, case reports, and conference abstracts were excluded. Of 152 papers, 84 fitted the inclusion criteria. A few pneumococcal serotypes were predominant causes of CPP, particularly serotypes 1, 19A, 3, 14, and 7F. CPP was a more common manifestation of pneumococcal disease among older (>2 years old) than younger children. The data support increases in both reported incidence rates and proportions of CPP in children and adults during the period 1990-2012; specific increases varied by geographic region. The proportions of serotype 3 and, particularly in Asia, serotype 19A CPP have increased, whereas most studies show declines in serotype 14. Serotype 1 has been a predominant cause of CPP since 1990, while antibiotic resistance was infrequent among serotype 1 isolates. The reported incidence and proportions of CPP among pneumonia cases steadily increased from 1990 to 2012. Several factors might account for these increases, including enhanced disease detection due to a higher index of suspicion, more sophisticated diagnostic assays, and changes in the prevalence of serotypes with capacity to invade the pleural space that were not targeted by the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). 24563274

txt whereas 37 +/- 27% considered that exploratory thoracentesis was likely to determine the cause of the effusion, and 17.36 +/- 16% considered that its results were likely to result in a change in their therapeutic attitude.11689765

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The diagnosis of PE in children is based on chest radiographs, thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis 12457598

The combination of adenosine deaminase 27135844 and lymphocyte percentage may be useful in this respect. Treatment is the same as for any TB. The addition of corticosteroids is not advisable, and chest drainage could help to improve symptoms more rapidly in large effusions.24721286

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