Herpes zoster risk factors
|
Herpes zoster Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
History and Symptoms |
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Herpes zoster risk factors On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Herpes zoster risk factors |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Herpes zoster risk factors |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; L. Katie Morrison, MD;Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[3]
Overview
Risk Factors
- Shingels are developed in patients who were previously infected with VZV (through natural infection that caused varicella or varicella vaccination).[1]
- All older adults in the United States are at risk for herpes zoster as approximately 99.5% of people born in the United States who are 40 years of age and older have had varicella.
Risk factors include:
- Previous varicella virus infection
- Varicella vaccination
- Decline in cell mediated immunity[2]
- Stress
- Other potential risk factors include:
- Women > men[9][10]; the reason for a possible difference between women and men is not known.
- Whites > African Americans (by at least 50%) [11].
References
- ↑ CDC http://www.cdc.gov/shingles/hcp/clinical-overview.html (August 2016) Accessed on October 24,2016
- ↑ Wung PK, Holbrook JT, Hoffman GS, Tibbs AK, Specks U, Min YI; et al. (2005). "Herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients: incidence, timing, and risk factors". Am J Med. 118 (12): 1416. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.06.012. PMID 16378799.
- ↑ Hayward AR, Herberger M (1987). "Lymphocyte responses to varicella zoster virus in the elderly". J Clin Immunol. 7 (2): 174–8. PMID 3033012.
- ↑ Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, Straus SE, Gelb LD; et al. (2005). "A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2271–84. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa051016. PMID 15930418. Review in: ACP J Club. 2005 Nov-Dec;143(3):61
- ↑ Abendroth A, Kinchington PR, Slobedman B (2010). "Varicella zoster virus immune evasion strategies". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 342: 155–71. doi:10.1007/82_2010_41. PMC 3936337. PMID 20563710.
- ↑ Chronister CL (1996). "Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection". Optom Vis Sci. 73 (4): 225–30. PMID 8728488.
- ↑ Benz MS, Glaser JS, Davis JL (2003). "Progressive outer retinal necrosis in immunocompetent patients treated initially for optic neuropathy with systemic corticosteroids". Am J Ophthalmol. 135 (4): 551–3. PMID 12654381.
- ↑ Fernandes NF, Malliah R, Stitik TP, Rozdeba P, Lambert WC, Schwartz RA (2009). "Herpes zoster following intra-articular corticosteroid injection". Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 18 (1): 28–30. PMID 19350185.
- ↑ Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008). "Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)". MMWR Recomm Rep. 57 (RR-5): 1–30, quiz CE2-4. PMID 18528318.
- ↑ Thomas SL, Hall AJ (2004). "What does epidemiology tell us about risk factors for herpes zoster?". Lancet Infect Dis. 4 (1): 26–33. PMID 14720565.
- ↑ Tseng HF, Smith N, Harpaz R, Bialek SR, Sy LS, Jacobsen SJ (2011). "Herpes zoster vaccine in older adults and the risk of subsequent herpes zoster disease". JAMA. 305 (2): 160–6. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1983. PMID 21224457.