Ischemic stroke natural history
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Natural History
Complications
Common complications of ischemic stroke may include:[1][2][3][4]
| Duration | Complications |
|---|---|
| Early complications
( <7 days ) |
|
| Late complications
( >7 days ) |
|
Prognosis
Prognosis of stroke depends on factors such as:[16][17][18]
- Age of the patient
- Location of infarct
- Size and volume of infarct
- Extent of neurological damage
- Time to seek medical help
- Comorbid conditions such as
- Intevention such as thrombolysis
- Quality of rehabilition care
- Complications
Good Prognostic factors
Bad prognostic factors
Infarct size and location
- Large size of infarct
- Severe neurological deficit
- Large volume of infarct (supratentorial infarcts)
- Infarct location and vascular supply[19][20][21]
- Cervical internal carotid artery
- Anterior choroidal artery
- Insular branch of middle cerebral artery
- Basilar artery
- Large intracranial artery
Presence of clinical complications
- Cerebral edema
- Fever
- Hyperglycemia >200mg/dl
Presence of other co morbid conditions
- Anemia
- Myocardial infarction
- Diabetes mellitus
- Atrial fibrillation
- Malnutrition
- Renal dysfunction
- Heart failure
- Cancer
- Coronary artery disease
Other
- Advanced age[22]
- Low socioeconomic status
- African American population
References
- ↑ Ingeman A, Andersen G, Hundborg HH, Svendsen ML, Johnsen SP (2011). "Processes of care and medical complications in patients with stroke". Stroke. 42 (1): 167–72. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.599738. PMID 21148436.
- ↑ Wira CR, Rivers E, Martinez-Capolino C, Silver B, Iyer G, Sherwin R; et al. (2011). "Cardiac complications in acute ischemic stroke". West J Emerg Med. 12 (4): 414–20. doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.2.1765. PMC 3236132. PMID 22224130.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, Lydersen S (2008). "Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service". Stroke. 39 (2): 414–20. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489294. PMID 18096834.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Minet LR, Peterson E, von Koch L, Ytterberg C (2015). "Occurrence and Predictors of Falls in People With Stroke: Six-Year Prospective Study". Stroke. 46 (9): 2688–90. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010496. PMID 26243230.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R (2005). "Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications". Stroke. 36 (12): 2756–63. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb. PMID 16269630.
- ↑ Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Warlow CP (1996). "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage after acute stroke". Stroke. 27 (3): 421–4. PMID 8610306.
- ↑ O'Donnell MJ, Kapral MK, Fang J, Saposnik G, Eikelboom JW, Oczkowski W; et al. (2008). "Gastrointestinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke". Neurology. 71 (9): 650–5. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000319689.48946.25. PMID 18685137.
- ↑ Kamran SI, Downey D, Ruff RL (1998). "Pneumatic sequential compression reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis in stroke patients". Neurology. 50 (6): 1683–8. PMID 9633711.
- ↑ Kelly J, Rudd A, Lewis RR, Coshall C, Moody A, Hunt BJ (2004). "Venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke: a prospective study using magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging". Stroke. 35 (10): 2320–5. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000140741.13279.4f. PMID 15322298.
- ↑ Dennis M, Mordi N, Graham C, Sandercock P, CLOTS trials collaboration (2011). "The timing, extent, progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS multicenter randomized trials". J Thromb Haemost. 9 (11): 2193–200. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04486.x. PMID 21883879.
- ↑ Amin AN, Lin J, Thompson S, Wiederkehr D (2013). "Rate of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during the care continuum in patients with acute ischemic stroke in the United States". BMC Neurol. 13: 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-17. PMC 3571887. PMID 23391151.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C; et al. (2000). "Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study". Stroke. 31 (6): 1223–9. PMID 10835436.
- ↑ Korpelainen JT, Kauhanen ML, Kemola H, Malinen U, Myllylä VV (1998). "Sexual dysfunction in stroke patients". Acta Neurol Scand. 98 (6): 400–5. PMID 9875618.
- ↑ Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla (1994). Living with Stroke: A Guide For Families. Contemporary Books, Chicago.
- ↑ Korpelainen JT, Nieminen P, Myllylä VV (1999). "Sexual functioning among stroke patients and their spouses". Stroke. 30 (4): 715–9. PMID 10187867.
- ↑ Faraji F, Ghasami K, Talaie-Zanjani A, Mohammadbeigi A (2013). "Prognostic factors in acute stroke, regarding to stroke severity by Canadian Neurological Stroke Scale: A hospital-based study". Asian J Neurosurg. 8 (2): 78–82. doi:10.4103/1793-5482.116378. PMC 3775186. PMID 24049549.
- ↑ Holloway RG, Benesch CG, Burgin WS, Zentner JB (2005). "Prognosis and decision making in severe stroke". JAMA. 294 (6): 725–33. doi:10.1001/jama.294.6.725. PMID 16091575.
- ↑ Heinsius T, Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G (1998). "Large infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territory. Etiology and outcome patterns". Neurology. 50 (2): 341–50. PMID 9484351.
- ↑ Huttner HB, Schwab S (2009). "Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and future perspectives". Lancet Neurol. 8 (10): 949–58. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70224-8. PMID 19747656.
- ↑ Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M, Spranger M, De Georgia M, von Kummer R (1996). "'Malignant' middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs". Arch Neurol. 53 (4): 309–15. PMID 8929152.
- ↑ Treadwell SD, Thanvi B (2010). "Malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management". Postgrad Med J. 86 (1014): 235–42. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2009.094292. PMID 20354047.
- ↑ Wijdicks EF, Diringer MN (1998). "Middle cerebral artery territory infarction and early brain swelling: progression and effect of age on outcome". Mayo Clin Proc. 73 (9): 829–36. doi:10.4065/73.9.829. PMID 9737218.