Sandbox:chf

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chf

Disease Symptoms Signs Laboratory findings Diagnostic modality Management
Cardiac HFpEF Exertional dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema Elevated JVP, fine crackles, edema Increased BNP Echocardiography (normal EF) Control of volume overload and hypertension,

treatment of underlying condition (obesity, AF, coronary artery disease, anemia)

HFrEF Exertional dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema Elevated JVP, fine crackles, edema Increased BNP Echocardiography (reduced EF) Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, nitrates
Pericardial disease Exercise intolerance, dyspnea, fatigue, Elevated JVP, pericardial knock, kussmaul's sign, pulsus paradoxus, - Echocardiography, ECG Diuretics, pericardiectomy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Dyspnea, chest pain, palpitation, lightheadedness Systolic murmur - Echocardiography, ECG Beta blockers, verapamil
Valvular disease (MR, TR) Edema, fatigue, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, lightheadedness Cardiac murmur - Echocardiography, ECG Valve repair or replacement, diuretics, beta blockers
Arrhythmia Palpitation, lightheadedness, chest tightness Tachycardia, abnormal pulse - Echocardiography, ECG, holter monitoring Pharmacological cardioversion (anti arrhythmics), electrical cardioversion, ablation
Pulmonary Chronic airway disease
Interstitial lung diseaee
Chronic thromboembolic disease
Sleep apnea
High output status Anemia
Thyrotoxicosis
Others Liver disease
Chronic kidney disease