Sandbox:chf
chf
Disease | Symptoms | Signs | Laboratory findings | Diagnostic modality | Management | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiac | HFpEF | Exertional dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema | Elevated JVP, fine crackles, edema | Increased BNP | Echocardiography (normal EF) | Control of volume overload and hypertension,
treatment of underlying condition (obesity, AF, coronary artery disease, anemia) |
HFrEF | Exertional dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema | Elevated JVP, fine crackles, edema | Increased BNP | Echocardiography (reduced EF) | Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, nitrates | |
Pericardial disease | Exercise intolerance, dyspnea, fatigue, | Elevated JVP, pericardial knock, kussmaul's sign, pulsus paradoxus, | - | Echocardiography, ECG | Diuretics, pericardiectomy | |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Dyspnea, chest pain, palpitation, lightheadedness | Systolic murmur | - | Echocardiography, ECG | Beta blockers, verapamil | |
Valvular disease (MR, TR) | Edema, fatigue, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, lightheadedness | Cardiac murmur | - | Echocardiography, ECG | Valve repair or replacement, diuretics, beta blockers | |
Arrhythmia | Palpitation, lightheadedness, chest tightness | Tachycardia, abnormal pulse | - | Echocardiography, ECG, holter monitoring | Pharmacological cardioversion (anti arrhythmics), electrical cardioversion, ablation | |
Pulmonary | Chronic airway disease | |||||
Interstitial lung diseaee | ||||||
Chronic thromboembolic disease | ||||||
Sleep apnea | ||||||
High output status | Anemia | |||||
Thyrotoxicosis | ||||||
Others | Liver disease | |||||
Chronic kidney disease |