Sandbox:chf
chf
| Disease | Symptoms | Signs | Laboratory findings | Diagnostic modality | Management | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac | HFpEF | Exertional dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema | Elevated JVP, fine crackles, edema | Increased BNP | Echocardiography (normal EF) | Control of volume overload and hypertension,
treatment of underlying condition (obesity, AF, coronary artery disease, anemia) |
| HFrEF | Exertional dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema | Elevated JVP, fine crackles, edema | Increased BNP | Echocardiography (reduced EF) | Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, nitrates | |
| Pericardial disease | Exercise intolerance, dyspnea, fatigue, | Elevated JVP, pericardial knock, kussmaul's sign, pulsus paradoxus, | - | Echocardiography, ECG | Diuretics, pericardiectomy | |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Dyspnea, chest pain, palpitation, lightheadedness | Systolic murmur | - | Echocardiography, ECG | Beta blockers, verapamil | |
| Valvular disease (MR, TR) | Edema, fatigue, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, lightheadedness | Cardiac murmur | - | Echocardiography, ECG | Valve repair or replacement, diuretics, beta blockers | |
| Arrhythmia | Palpitation, lightheadedness, chest tightness | Tachycardia, abnormal pulse | - | Echocardiography, ECG, holter monitoring | Pharmacological cardioversion (anti arrhythmics), electrical cardioversion, ablation | |
| Pulmonary | Chronic airway disease | Cough, dyspnea, chest pain, exercise intolerance | Tachypnea, respiratory distress, cyanosis, edema, rhonchi and crackles | Hypoxemia, hypercapnea, polycythemia, | PFT, chest imaging | Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, anticholinergics |
| Interstitial lung diseaee | Exercise intolerance, cough | Crackles, clubbing, cyanosis | Hypoxemia | PFT, Chest imaging, lung biopsy | Corticosteroids, bronchodilators | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | Dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, syncope, palpitation | Edema, clubbing, elevated JVP, TR murmur | Elevated BNP, elevated d-dimer | Echocardiography, cathaterization | Diuretics, calcium channel blockers, endothelin receptor antagonist, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor | |
| Sleep apnea | Snoring, somnolence, headache, fatigue, irritability | tachypnea, hypertension, tachycardia | Hypoxemia, polycythemia | Polysomnography | Weight reduction, CPAP | |
| High output status | Anemia | |||||
| Thyrotoxicosis | ||||||
| Others | Liver disease | |||||
| Chronic kidney disease |