Subarachnoid hemorrhage risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of subarachnoid hemorrhage include smoking, hypertension (high blood pressure) and excessive alcohol intake; all are associated with a doubled risk for SAH. Some protection of uncertain significance is conferred by Caucasian ethnicity, hormone replacement therapy, and a higher than normal cholesterol.[1][2]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of subarachnoid hemorrhage include: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Hereditary
- Connective tissue diseases
- Familial hyperaldosteronism type I
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
- Moyamoya syndrome
Other risk factors
- arteriovenous malformation
- Head injury
- Hypertension
- Cigarette smoking
- Estrogen deficiency
- Female gender (1.5 fold)
- African race (2 fold)
- Japanese or Finnish descent
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Arteriovenous malformation
Trigger factors
Common trigger events in the development of subarachnoid hemorrhage include:[11][12][13]
- Physical exertion
- Acute elevation in blood pressure
- Caffeine consumption
- Acute anger
- Startling
- Sexual exertion
The highest incidence of rupture occurred while patients were engaged in their daily routines, in the absence of strenuous physical activity.[14]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM; et al. (2005). "Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies". Stroke. 36 (12): 2773–80. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8. PMID 16282541.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J; et al. (2005). "Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies". Stroke. 36 (12): 2773–80. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8. PMID 16282541.
- ↑ Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Broderick JP, Brott T, Feldmann E; et al. (2000). "c and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke". N Engl J Med. 343 (25): 1826–32. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012213432501. PMID 11117973.
- ↑ Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N, Brass LM, Blake D, Fayad P; et al. (1991). "A comparative study of the cerebrovascular complications of cocaine: alkaloidal versus hydrochloride--a review". Neurology. 41 (8): 1173–7. PMID 1866000.
- ↑ Scotti G, Filizzolo F, Scialfa G, Tampieri D, Versari P (1987). "Repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages from a cervical meningioma. Case report". J Neurosurg. 66 (5): 779–81. doi:10.3171/jns.1987.66.5.0779. PMID 3572505.
- ↑ Navi BB, Reichman JS, Berlin D, Reiner AS, Panageas KS, Segal AZ; et al. (2010). "Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with cancer". Neurology. 74 (6): 494–501. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cef837. PMC 2830918. PMID 20142616.
- ↑ Risselada R, Straatman H, van Kooten F, Dippel DW, van der Lugt A, Niessen WJ; et al. (2009). "Withdrawal of statins and risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage". Stroke. 40 (8): 2887–92. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.552760. PMID 19520985.
- ↑ Leppälä JM, Paunio M, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, Albanes D, Taylor PR; et al. (1999). "Alcohol consumption and stroke incidence in male smokers". Circulation. 100 (11): 1209–14. PMID 10484542.
- ↑ Bederson JB, Awad IA, Wiebers DO, Piepgras D, Haley EC, Brott T; et al. (2000). "Recommendations for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association". Circulation. 102 (18): 2300–8. PMID 11056108.
- ↑ Vlak MH, Rinkel GJ, Greebe P, Greving JP, Algra A (2013). "Lifetime risks for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: multivariable risk stratification". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84 (6): 619–23. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-303783. PMID 23355806.
- ↑ Anderson C, Ni Mhurchu C, Scott D, Bennett D, Jamrozik K, Hankey G; et al. (2003). "Triggers of subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of physical exertion, smoking, and alcohol in the Australasian Cooperative Research on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study (ACROSS)". Stroke. 34 (7): 1771–6. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000077015.90334.A7. PMID 12775890.
- ↑ Penrose RJ (1972). "Life events before subarachnoid haemorrhage". J Psychosom Res. 16 (5): 329–33. PMID 5071430.
- ↑ Vlak MH, Rinkel GJ, Greebe P, van der Bom JG, Algra A (2011). "Trigger factors and their attributable risk for rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a case-crossover study". Stroke. 42 (7): 1878–82. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.606558. PMID 21546472.
- ↑ Matsuda M, Watanabe K, Saito A, Matsumura K, Ichikawa M. Circum- stances, activities, and events precipitating aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;16:25–29.