Epididymoorchitis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Risk factors for epididymoorchitis include:[1]
- Sexual activity and infection with sexually transmitted diseases, such as C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea
- HIV is a risk factor to epididymoorchitis infections caused by viruses and fungi
- Strenuous physical activity
- Riding motorcycles/bicycles
- Prolonged periods of inactivity and sitting
- Recent urinary tract surgery or instrumentation, such as cystoscopy and bladder catheterization[2]
- Anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, such as prostatic obstruction in older men (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic cancer, urethral strictures)[3] and posterior urethral valves or meatal stenosis in young, prepubertal boys
- Mumps infection is a risk factor for isolated mumps orchitis infection
References
- ↑ Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D (2009). "Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 79 (7): 583–7. PMID 19378875.
- ↑ Stewart A, Ubee SS, Davies H (2011). "Epididymo-orchitis". BMJ. 342: d1543. PMID 21490048.
- ↑ Tracy CR, Steers WD, Costabile R (2008). "Diagnosis and management of epididymitis". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 101–8, vii. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.013. PMID 18061028.