Epididymoorchitis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]

Overview

Risk factors for epididymoorchitis include:^[1]

Sexual activity and infection with sexually transmitted diseases, such as C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea
Males who have sex with males (MSM)
HIV is a risk factor to epididymoorchitis infections caused by viruses and fungi
Strenuous physical activity^[2]^[3]
Riding motorcycles/bicycles^[2]^[3]
Prolonged periods of inactivity and sitting^[2]^[3]
Recent urinary tract surgery or instrumentation, such as cystoscopy and bladder catheterization^[4]
Anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract, such as prostatic obstruction in older men (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic cancer, urethral strictures)^[5] and posterior urethral valves or meatal stenosis in young, prepubertal boys
Mumps infection is a risk factor for isolated mumps orchitis infection

↑ Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D (2009). "Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 79 (7): 583–7. PMID 19378875.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kaver I, Matzkin H, Braf ZF (1990). "Epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 121 patients". J Fam Pract. 30 (5): 548–52. PMID 2332745.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kadish HA, Bolte RG (1998). "A retrospective review of pediatric patients with epididymitis, testicular torsion, and torsion of testicular appendages". Pediatrics. 102 (1 Pt 1): 73–6. PMID 9651416.
↑ Stewart A, Ubee SS, Davies H (2011). "Epididymo-orchitis". BMJ. 342: d1543. PMID 21490048.
↑ Tracy CR, Steers WD, Costabile R (2008). "Diagnosis and management of epididymitis". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 101–8, vii. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.013. PMID 18061028.