Cystitis causes

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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [1]

Overview

More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by escherichia coli ("E. coli"), a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Some viruses, fungi and parasites can also rarely cause cystitis. Other causes of cystitis include certain medications, diabetes, Crohn's disease, iatrogenic causes, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, urinary obstruction, bladder incontinence, Bladder Catheterisation, Trauma, Contraceptives like spermicides, Immobility and Genetic predisposition.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Causes

Common Causes

Infections are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by escherichia coli ("E. coli"), a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Pathogens causing cystitis include: ^[1]

Escherichia Coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus species
Enterococci

Hemorrhagic Causes

Hemorrhagic Cystitis can be caused by certain medications, procedures, radiation therapy and infections. ^[4]^[5]^[6]^[5]

cyclophosphamide
ifosfamide
radiation therapy
Adenovirus
Metabolites of Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	Artificial sweeteners, benzidine, bubble baths, chemical cystitis, diaphragm, feminine hygeine sprays, perfumed soap, spermicidal jellies, talcum powder
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Allopurinol, BCG vaccine, Cetirizine, Cyc,lophosphamide, Cytarabine, Danazol, Doxorubicin, drug induced cystitis, hexaminolevulinate Ifosfamide, Leflunomide, Methotrexate, NSAIDs, Oxaprozin, Pramipexole, Sertraline, Tiagabine, Tiaprofenic acid, Ticarcillin, Topiramate, Tranilast
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Diabetes, diabetic neuropathy
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Crohn's disease, diarrhea, diverticulitis, vescicoenteric fistula
Genetic	Urofacial syndrome, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Cystoscopy, radiotherapy, urinary catheter, episiotomy scar infection
Infectious Disease	Candida, chlamydia, E. coli, enterobacter, episiotomy scar infection, gonorrhea, klebsiella, prostatitis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, schistosomiasis, serratia, sexually transmitted diseases, staphyloccus saprophyticus, trichomoniasis, tuberculosis, urinary tract infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Diabetic neuropathy
Nutritional / Metabolic	Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, poor nutrition, tomatoes, xanthinuria, artificial sweeteners
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Endometriosis, gynecological cancers, menopause, PID, pregnancy, episiotomy scar infection
Oncologic	Gynecological cancers, Urachal cancer
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Behcet's disease, lupus, Crohn's disease, autoimmune interstitial cystitis
Sexual	Frequent sex, men having sex with men, vigorous sex, honeymoon cystitis
Trauma	Spinal cord injury
Urologic	Autoimmune interstitial cystitis, benign prostate hyperplasia, bladder incontinence, congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract, enlarged prostate, honeymoon cystitis, Hunner's ulcer, interstitial cystitis, narrowing of the urethral opening, posterior urethral valve, urachal cancer, urachal cyst, urethral syndrome, urethritis, urinary obstruction, urinary stones, vescicoenteric fistula, urinary tract infection
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Dehydration, female gender, foreign body cystitis, immobility, Not wiping from front to back (women), old age, poor hygeine, tampons, tight fitting underwear

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ronald A (2002). "The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens". Am J Med. 113 Suppl 1A: 14S–19S. PMID 12113867.
↑ Aydos MM, Memis A, Yakupoglu YK, Ozdal OL, Oztekin V (2001). "The use and efficacy of the American Urological Association Symptom Index in assessing the outcome of urethroplasty for post-traumatic complete posterior urethral strictures". BJU Int. 88 (4): 382–4. PMID 11564026.
↑ Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV (2001). "[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]". Urologiia (3): 42–3. PMID 11505545.
↑ Cox PJ (1979). "Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis". Eur J Cancer. 15 (8): 1071–2. PMID 510344.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Russo P (2000). "Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient". Semin Oncol. 27 (3): 284–98. PMID 10864217.
↑ Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T (2016). "[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]". Hinyokika Kiyo. 62 (10): 545–548. doi:10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545. PMID 27919130.
↑ Barnes RC, Daifuku R, Roddy RE, Stamm WE (1986). "Urinary-tract infection in sexually active homosexual men". Lancet. 1 (8474): 171–3. PMID 2868203.
↑ Russell DB, Roth NJ (2001). "Urinary tract infections in men in a primary care population". Aust Fam Physician. 30 (2): 177–9. PMID 11280121.
↑ Chang PC, Hsu YC, Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y (2016). "A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections". Biomed J. 39 (4): 289–294. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005. PMID 27793272.
↑ Jellouli M, Ben Mansour A, Abidi K, Ferjani M, Naija O, Hammi Y; et al. (2016). "Contribution of ultrasound scans in the first episode of urinary tract infection in children". Tunis Med. 94 (6): 167–170. PMID 28051222.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid12113867-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ronald A (2002). "The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens". Am J Med. 113 Suppl 1A: 14S–19S. PMID 12113867.

[pmid11564026-2] Aydos MM, Memis A, Yakupoglu YK, Ozdal OL, Oztekin V (2001). "The use and efficacy of the American Urological Association Symptom Index in assessing the outcome of urethroplasty for post-traumatic complete posterior urethral strictures". BJU Int. 88 (4): 382–4. PMID 11564026.

[pmid11505545-3] Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV (2001). "[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]". Urologiia (3): 42–3. PMID 11505545.

[pmid510344-4] Cox PJ (1979). "Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis". Eur J Cancer. 15 (8): 1071–2. PMID 510344.

[pmid10864217-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Russo P (2000). "Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient". Semin Oncol. 27 (3): 284–98. PMID 10864217.

[pmid27919130-6] Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T (2016). "[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]". Hinyokika Kiyo. 62 (10): 545–548. doi:10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545. PMID 27919130.

[pmid2868203-7] Barnes RC, Daifuku R, Roddy RE, Stamm WE (1986). "Urinary-tract infection in sexually active homosexual men". Lancet. 1 (8474): 171–3. PMID 2868203.

[pmid11280121-8] Russell DB, Roth NJ (2001). "Urinary tract infections in men in a primary care population". Aust Fam Physician. 30 (2): 177–9. PMID 11280121.

[pmid27793272-9] Chang PC, Hsu YC, Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y (2016). "A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections". Biomed J. 39 (4): 289–294. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005. PMID 27793272.

[pmid28051222-10] Jellouli M, Ben Mansour A, Abidi K, Ferjani M, Naija O, Hammi Y; et al. (2016). "Contribution of ultrasound scans in the first episode of urinary tract infection in children". Tunis Med. 94 (6): 167–170. PMID 28051222.

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Urinary Tract Infections Main Page
Cystitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Cystitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

Echocardiography and Ultarsound

CT Scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Tests

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Cystitis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cystitis causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Cystitis causes

CDC on Cystitis causes

Cystitis causes in the news

Blogs on Cystitis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Cystitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Cystitis causes