Cystitis causes
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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [1]
Overview
More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by escherichia coli ("E. coli"), a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Some viruses, fungi and parasites can also rarely cause cystitis. Other causes of cystitis include certain medications, diabetes, Crohn's disease, iatrogenic causes, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, urinary obstruction, bladder incontinence, Bladder Catheterisation, Trauma, Contraceptives like spermicides, Immobility and Genetic predisposition.[1][2][3]
Causes
Common Causes
Infections are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by escherichia coli ("E. coli"), a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Pathogens causing cystitis include: [1]
- Escherichia Coli
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
- Proteus species
- Enterococci
Hemorrhagic Causes
Hemorrhagic Cystitis can be caused by certain medications, procedures, radiation therapy and infections. [4][5][6]
- cyclophosphamide
- ifosfamide
- radiation therapy
- Adenovirus
- Metabolites of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Causes by Organ System
The causes of Cystitis with rest to organ system can be classified as:[7][8][9][10][4][5][6][11][12][3][13][14][15][16]
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ronald A (2002). "The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens". Am J Med. 113 Suppl 1A: 14S–19S. PMID 12113867.
- ↑ Aydos MM, Memis A, Yakupoglu YK, Ozdal OL, Oztekin V (2001). "The use and efficacy of the American Urological Association Symptom Index in assessing the outcome of urethroplasty for post-traumatic complete posterior urethral strictures". BJU Int. 88 (4): 382–4. PMID 11564026.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV (2001). "[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]". Urologiia (3): 42–3. PMID 11505545.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cox PJ (1979). "Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis". Eur J Cancer. 15 (8): 1071–2. PMID 510344.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Russo P (2000). "Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient". Semin Oncol. 27 (3): 284–98. PMID 10864217.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T (2016). "[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]". Hinyokika Kiyo. 62 (10): 545–548. doi:10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545. PMID 27919130.
- ↑ Hooton TM, Stamm WE (1997). "Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3): 551–81. PMID 9378923.
- ↑ Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM (2012). "Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions". BJU Int. 109 (11): 1584–91. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x. PMID 22233286.
- ↑ Leutscher PD, Pedersen M, Raharisolo C, Jensen JS, Hoffmann S, Lisse I; et al. (2005). "Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals". J Infect Dis. 191 (10): 1639–47. doi:10.1086/429334. PMID 15838790.
- ↑ Okazaki S, Hori J, Kita M, Yamaguchi S, Kawakami N, Kakizaki H (2014). "[A case of eosinophilic cystitis mimicking an invasive bladder cancer]". Hinyokika Kiyo. 60 (12): 635–9. PMID 25602481.
- ↑ Cunha BA, Lee P, Kaouris N, Raza M (2015). "The safety of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of nosocomial catheter-associated bacteriuria (CAB) and cystitis". J Chemother. 27 (2): 122–3. doi:10.1179/1973947814Y.0000000202. PMID 25004793.
- ↑ Teal SB, Craven WM (2006). "Inadvertent vesicular placement of a vaginal contraceptive ring presenting as persistent cystitis". Obstet Gynecol. 107 (2 Pt 2): 470–2. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000164072.91339.9e. PMID 16449153.
- ↑ Grimsby GM, Tyson MD, Salevitz B, Smith ML, Castle EP (2012). "Bladder Outlet Obstruction Secondary to a Brunn's Cyst". Curr Urol. 6 (1): 50–2. doi:10.1159/000338871. PMC 3783323. PMID 24917712.
- ↑ Tzou KY, Chiang YT (2016). "Emphysematous Cystitis". N Engl J Med. 375 (18): 1779. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1509543. PMID 27806219.
- ↑ Echols RM, Tosiello RL, Haverstock DC, Tice AD (1999). "Demographic, clinical, and treatment parameters influencing the outcome of acute cystitis". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (1): 113–9. doi:10.1086/520138. PMID 10433573.
- ↑ de Cueto M, Aliaga L, Alós JI, Canut A, Los-Arcos I, Martínez JA; et al. (2016). "Executive summary of the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC)". Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2016.11.005. PMID 28017477.
- ↑ Barnes RC, Daifuku R, Roddy RE, Stamm WE (1986). "Urinary-tract infection in sexually active homosexual men". Lancet. 1 (8474): 171–3. PMID 2868203.
- ↑ Russell DB, Roth NJ (2001). "Urinary tract infections in men in a primary care population". Aust Fam Physician. 30 (2): 177–9. PMID 11280121.
- ↑ Chang PC, Hsu YC, Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y (2016). "A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections". Biomed J. 39 (4): 289–294. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005. PMID 27793272.
- ↑ Jellouli M, Ben Mansour A, Abidi K, Ferjani M, Naija O, Hammi Y; et al. (2016). "Contribution of ultrasound scans in the first episode of urinary tract infection in children". Tunis Med. 94 (6): 167–170. PMID 28051222.