Sandbox:Balanitis
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]
Synonyms and keywords: balanoposthitis
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Infectious
Non-infectious
Causes
Causes of Balanitis include the following:
- Candidal balanitis
- Anaerobic balanitis
- Aerobic balanitis
- Lichen sclerosus
- Lichen planus
- Zoon’s (plasma cell) balanitis
- Psoriasis and circinate balanitis
- Eczema (including irritant, allergic and seborrhoeic)
- Non-specific balanoposthitis
- Fixed drug eruptions
Premalignant conditions:
- Erythroplasia of Queyrat
- Bowen’s disease
- Bowenoid papulosis
Miscellaneous
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Differentiating Candida Vulvovaginitis from other Diseases
Candida Vulvovaginitis must be differentiated from the following diseases which have a similar presentation:[1][2][3][4][5]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Risk factors for Balanitis include:
- Uncircumcised penis
- Antibiotic use
- Corticosteroid use
- Immunocompromised
- Diabetes
- Not usually considered sexually transmitted
Screening
There are no screening procedures for Balanitis.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
Prognosis
Complications
Long-term inflammation or infection can:
- Scar and narrow the opening of the penis (meatal stricture)
- Make it difficult and painful to retract the foreskin to expose the tip of the penis (a condition called phimosis)
- Make it difficult to move the foreskin over the head of the penis (a condition called paraphimosis)
- Affect the blood supply to the tip of the penis
- Increase the risk of penile cancer
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Symptoms include:
- Redness of foreskin or penis
- Other rashes on the head of the penis
- Foul-smelling discharge
- Painful penis and foreskin
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
References
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Bacterial Vaginosis. http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/bv.htm Accessed on October 13, 2016
- ↑ Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS (2000). "Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis". Am Fam Physician. 61 (10): 3090–6. PMID 10839558.
- ↑ Krieger JN, Tam MR, Stevens CE, Nielsen IO, Hale J, Kiviat NB; et al. (1988). "Diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Comparison of conventional wet-mount examination with cytologic studies, cultures, and monoclonal antibody staining of direct specimens". JAMA. 259 (8): 1223–7. PMID 2448502.
- ↑ Sobel JD, Reichman O, Misra D, Yoo W (2011). "Prognosis and treatment of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis". Obstet Gynecol. 117 (4): 850–5. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182117c9e. PMID 21422855.
- ↑ Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Stevens CE, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK (1998). "Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm". Obstet Gynecol. 92 (5): 757–65. PMID 9794664.