Rhinitis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Rhinitis is a heterogenous disorder that is often treated with triviality. It is a highly prevalent disease that can have significant impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. It has a huge financial impact on the society, and generates between $1.6-$4.9 billion in direct expenditure in the US. The estimate of indirect cost from lost productivity in the US ranges between $0.1-$9.7 billion dollars. Chronic rhinitis is one of the most common problems seen by physicians, and allergic rhinitis is the most common type of chronic rhinitis. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has been steadily increasing in various countries across the world. Unfortunately, rhinitis is often overlooked, underdiagnosed, undertreated, and mistreated. An understanding of the etiology of the different types of rhinitis, and the treatment modalities would improve the quality of care offered to patients, and ultimately improve the quality of life of those who suffer from chronic rhinitis.
Historical Perspective
Rhinitis has been in existence since the ancient times. Seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) evolved with the industrialization of westernized countries in the 19th century, and it was a common condition in Europe and North America by the end of the 19th century. Nonallergic Rhinitis with Eosinophilic Syndrome(NARES) was first described in 1981 by Jacobs et al.[3] Primary atrophic rhinitis has been well known for ages to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Indians, and it was first described by Bernhard Fraenkel in 1876.
Classification
Rhinitis can be broadly classified into allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.[1] Some forms of rhinitis are not easily classified as either allergic or nonallergic,[1] and sometimes, there also appear to be an overlap of both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis (sometimes referred to as 'mixed' rhinitis).[2] The classification and diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis is challenging due to its diverse etiology, and it is also not well understood compared to the allergic type.[3]
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Rhinitis from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
X ray
CT
Other Diagnostic Studies
Medical Therapy
Surgery
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA; et al. (2008). "The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122 (2 Suppl): S1–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003. PMID PMID:18662584 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Settipane RA, Charnock DR (2007). "Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic". Clin Allergy Immunol. 19: 23–34. PMID 17153005.
- ↑ Paraskevopoulos, Giannis; Kalogiros, Lampros (March 2016). "Non-Allergic Rhinitis". Current Treatment Options in Allergy. Volume 3 (Issue 1): 45–68. doi:10.1007/s40521-016-0072-6. Retrieved January 5, 2017.