Fungal meningitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby; Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview
While cryptococccus and candida infections occur worldwide, other fungal infections tend to cluster in specific geographical regions.[1][2] The most common cause of fungal meningitis is Cryptococcus neoformans.[3][4][2]
Epidemiology
Incidence and prevalence
There is an increasing trend of fungal meningitis. This has been attributed to the following: [2][5]
- Enlarging population of high-risk immunosuppressed patients
- More successful pharmacological immunosuppression and chemotherapies
- Increase in numbers of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Migration of susceptible persons into hyperendemic areas
- Aging of the population
Cryptococcus Meningitis
- It is the most common cause of fungal meningitis.[6][4][2]
- Cryptococcus meningitis occurs worldwide but it is highly prevalent in southeast Asia and southern and east Africa where the prevalence of HIV is high.[7]
- It is a common opportunistic infection in patients with HIV and it is considered as an AIDS defining lesion. [8]
Age
Gender
Race
- Non-Caucasian race have a higher prediclection to developing fungal meningitis especially coccidioidal meningitis[9]
Developed Vs developing countries
Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungi in The United States
- Blastomyces dermatiditis: Midwest and southeast of USA
- Coccidiodes immitis: Southwest of USA
- Histoplasma Capsulatum: Ohio, central Mississippi River Valley[10]
References
- ↑ Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN; et al. (2007). "Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario". Neurol India. 55 (3): 198–215. PMID 17921648.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR (2000). "Fungal meningitis". Semin Neurol. 20 (3): 307–22. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9394. PMID 11051295.
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Williamson PR, Jarvis JN, Panackal AA, Fisher MC, Molloy SF, Loyse A; et al. (2017). "Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis and therapy". Nat Rev Neurol. 13 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.167. PMID 27886201.
- ↑ Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD (1979). "Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem". JAMA. 242 (15): 1631–5. PMID 480580.
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
- ↑ Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg K (2003) Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis, 36, 652–662.
- ↑ Chariyalertsak S, Sirisanthana T, Saengwonloey O, Nelson K (2001) Clinical presentation and risk behaviors of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Thailand, 1994–1998: Regional variation and temporal trends. Clin Infect Dis, 32, 955–962.
- ↑ Bouza E, Dreyer JS, Hewitt WL, Meyer RD (1981). "Coccidioidal meningitis. An analysis of thirty-one cases and review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 60 (3): 139–72. PMID 7231152.
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.