Cystitis primary prevention
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
Preventative measures to avoid cystitis include the measures for preventing a urinary tract infection which include voiding after intercourse, use of barrier contraception, increasing fluid intake and frequency of urination, and use of estrogen (among post-menopausal women). Single-dose prophylactic antimicrobial therapy prior to sexual intercourse may be administered to patients who have recurrent episodes of cystitis that are associated with sexual activity. Cleaning the uretheral meatus after intercourse has also shown to be effective in preventive recurrent cystitis.[1][2]
Primary Prevention
The following preventative measures may reduce the risk of urinary tract infections which are an important cause of Cystitis: [3][4]
- Abstinence from sexual activity
- Voiding after every intercourse
- Cleaning the uretheral meatus after intercourse[5]
- Use barrier contraception and avoiding spermicides
- Increasing the intake of fluids and the frequency of urination
- Use of topical estrogen among post-menopausal women
- Anatomical evaluation of structural and functional defects may be needed for recurrence of urinary tract infections
The use of cranberry to prevent cystitis and thus pyelonephritis remains controversial. Cranberry is thought to prevent the adherence of uropathogens to urothelial cells, but its benefit is yet to be proven.[11]
References
- ↑ H. H. Meyhoff, J. Nordling, P. A. Gammelgaard & R. Vejlsgaard (1981). "Does antibacterial ointment applied to urethral meatus in women prevent recurrent cystitis?". Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 15 (2): 81–83. PMID 7036332.
- ↑ Jepson R, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections". Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001321. PMID 14973968.
- ↑ Raz, R.; Stamm, WE. (1993). "A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections". N Engl J Med. 329 (11): 753–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199309093291102. PMID 8350884. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ H. H. Meyhoff, J. Nordling, P. A. Gammelgaard & R. Vejlsgaard (1981). "Does antibacterial ointment applied to urethral meatus in women prevent recurrent cystitis?". Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 15 (2): 81–83. PMID 7036332.
- ↑ H. H. Meyhoff, J. Nordling, P. A. Gammelgaard & R. Vejlsgaard (1981). "Does antibacterial ointment applied to urethral meatus in women prevent recurrent cystitis?". Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. 15 (2): 81–83. PMID 7036332.
- ↑ Aune A, Alraek T, Huo L, Baerheim A (1998). "[Can acupuncture prevent cystitis in women?]". Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 118 (9): 1370–2. PMID 9599500. (cf acupuncture group, x2 incidents in the sham group, x3 in the control group)
- ↑ Alraek T, Baerheim A (2001). "'An empty and happy feeling in the bladder.. .': health changes experienced by women after acupuncture for recurrent cystitis". Complement Ther Med. 9 (4): 219–23. PMID 12184349.
- ↑ Alraek T, Baerheim A (2003). "The effect of prophylactic acupuncture treatment in women with recurrent cystitis: kidney patients fare better". J Altern Complement Med. 9 (5): 651–8. PMID 14629843. (highlights need for considering different TCM diagnostic categories in acupuncture research)
- ↑ Alraek T, Soedal L, Fagerheim S, Digranes A, Baerheim A (2002). "Acupuncture treatment in the prevention of uncomplicated recurrent lower urinary tract infections in adult women". Am J Public Health. 92 (10): 1609–11. PMID 12356607.
- ↑ Katz AR (2003). "Urinary tract infections and acupuncture". Am J Public Health. 93 (5): 702, author reply 702-3. PMID 12721123 (no abstract).
- ↑ Hooton, TM. (2012). "Clinical practice. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection". N Engl J Med. 366 (11): 1028–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1104429. PMID 22417256. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)