Blastomycosis differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2] Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Blastomycosis have overlapping signs & symptoms with that of other fungal and bacterial disorders. A detailed History, Physical examination and serological tests helps us to pin-point the diagnosis. All this disorders can be often misinterpreted as community acquired pneumonia as they all present with similar complaints such as fever, productive cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. The following table elaborates differentiating features between blastomycosis from other fungal disorders.

Fungal

Pathogen	Disease	Geographic distribution	High risk Groups	Differentiating features		Microscopic findings
Pathogen	Disease	Geographic distribution	High risk Groups	Physical exam	Laboratory findings	Microscopic findings
Fungal	Histoplasmosis	Mississippi and Ohio River valleys	Cave dwellers Soil that contains bird or bat dropping^[1]	Palate and oral ulcers Spleenomegaly	Pancytopenia Urine antigen testing	Yeast are typically smaller, with narrow-based budding, found intracellularly within macrophages
	Coccidioidomycosis	Southwestern US region	Opportunistic infection seen in AIDS	Rash on upper body or legs^[2] Night sweats	Serologic tests( enzyme immune assay )more sensitive	Characteristic spherule appearance
	Paracoccidioidomycosis^[3]	Central and South america	Opportunistic infection seen in AIDS	Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly Bone marrow dysfunction	Elevated liver enzymes Hyperbilirubinemia Hypoalbuminemia	Smaller fungi with thin cell walls, forming mariner wheel appearance, circumferentially surrounding the parent cell.( Captain wheel appearance )
	Sporotrichosis	Ubiquitous	Gardeners ^[4]	Person’s hand or the arm Lymphadenitis (nodular)	+ Sporotrichin skin test	Finger or cigar shaped yeast.
	Aspergillosis^[5]	Ubiquitous	Cystic fibrosis or asthma. tuberculosis. Immunocomprimised	Wheezing Stuffiness, runny nose Hemoptysis Weight loss	Cell wall detection using galactomannan antigen detection, Beta-D-glucan detection test.	Septated hyphae with acute angle branching
Bacterial	Anthrax	Ubiquitous	Live stock handlers	Painless skin ulcer with a black center ^[6] Bloody diarrhea	Thrombocytopenia Hyponatremia ↑ BUN Hypoalbuminemia ↑ Troponin.	Nonmotile, Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium
	Legionella	Ubiquitous	Chronic lung disease Building water systems	Diarrhea Confusion	+ Urine Antigen Hyponatreimia^[7]	Gram negative bacterium
	Tuberculosis	Asia,Africa	Ill contact individuals	Night sweats Hemoptysis	Hypercalcemia Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels fluorescence microscopy (auramine-rhodamine staining)+ for baccilli.	Aerobic, non-encapsulated, non-motile, acid-fast bacillus
	Listeriosis	Ubiquitous	Pregnant women ^[8] Adults > 65 Immunocomprimised.	pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, Non-pregnant : headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions	Elevated titers of listeriolysin O CSF analysis :Pleocytosis lymphocytes ↑CSF protein ↓ CSF glucose	flagellated, catalase-positive, facultative intracellular, anaerobic, nonsporulating, Gram-positive bacillus
	Brucellosis	Mexico, South and Central America	People who take unpasteurized dairy products	Arthritis Testicular and scrotal swelling Endocarditis	Antibody production against lipopolysaccharide and bacterial antigens Relative lymphocytosis and thrombocyotopenia.	Gram-negative bacteria,non-motile, encapsulated coccobacilli.
	Scrub typhus	Asia-Pacific region Australia Afghanistan	Hikers^[9]	Maculopapular rash	Indirect immunofluorescence + Weil-Felix test	a Gram-negative α-proteobacterium intracellular parasite
	Leptospirosis	Temperate, tropical climates.	People who work with animals	Jaundice Red eyes kidney failure^[10]	Antibodies labelled with fluorescent markers positive for leptospires. Microscopic agglutination test +	Spiral-shaped bacteria with hooked ends on dark-field.
	Cat scratch fever	Ubiquitous	cat licking a person's open wound, or bites or scratches a person^[11]	Lymphadenopathy papule or pustule at the infected site	enzymatic immunoassay positive for antibody to B henselae lymphocytosis	Gram-negative bacteria. facultative intracellular parasites
Viral	Chickenpox		Pregnant women. Infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation Immunocompromised persons	conjunctival and catarrhal symptoms Spots appearing in two or three waves	Whole infected cell (wc) ELISA for IgG.
Viral	Coxsackie A virus		Children attending day care^[12]	Painful blisters in the mouth, palms and on the feet. Rash, appears after episode of high fever.	Clinically diagnosed
Others	Primary lung cancer		Age >65	Weight loss H/o smoking Hemoptysis	CT guided bronchoscopy + for malignant cells

Bacterial

Viral

Chronic and disseminated disease

Chronic blastomycosis may be initially confused with a malignancy or tuberculosis. While spread to other areas may be confused with malignancy as well. Skin lesions are often misdiagnosed as pyoderma gangreosum or keratoacanthoma. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed on the part of physician to diagnose blastomycosis

References

↑ Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.
↑ Brown J, Benedict K, Park BJ, Thompson GR (2013). "Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology". Clin Epidemiol. 5: 185–97. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S34434. PMC 3702223. PMID 23843703.
↑ Marques SA (2013). "Paracoccidioidomycosis: epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and treatment up-dating". An Bras Dermatol. 88 (5): 700–11. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132463. PMC 3798345. PMID 24173174.
↑ Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.
↑ Sherif R, Segal BH (2010). "Pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, management and complications". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 16 (3): 242–50. doi:10.1097/MCP.0b013e328337d6de. PMC 3326383. PMID 20375786.
↑ Hicks CW, Sweeney DA, Cui X, Li Y, Eichacker PQ (2012). "An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users". Intensive Care Med. 38 (7): 1092–104. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2541-0. PMC 3523299. PMID 22527064.
↑ Schuetz P, Haubitz S, Christ-Crain M, Albrich WC, Zimmerli W, Mueller B (2013). "Hyponatremia and anti-diuretic hormone in Legionnaires' disease". BMC Infect. Dis. 13: 585. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-585. PMC 3880094. PMID 24330484.
↑ Lamont RF, Sobel J, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Kim SK, Uldbjerg N, Romero R (2011). "Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review". J Perinat Med. 39 (3): 227–36. doi:10.1515/JPM.2011.035. PMC 3593057. PMID 21517700.
↑ Zhou YH, Xia FQ, Van Poucke S, Zheng MH (2016). "Successful Treatment of Scrub Typhus-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis With Chloramphenicol: Report of 3 Pediatric Cases and Literature Review". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (8): e2928. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002928. PMC 4779037. PMID 26937940.
↑ Iroh Tam PY, Obaro SK, Storch G (2016). "Challenges in the Etiology and Diagnosis of Acute Febrile Illness in Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries". J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 5 (2): 190–205. doi:10.1093/jpids/piw016. PMID 27059657.
↑ Gouriet F, Lepidi H, Habib G, Collart F, Raoult D (2007). "From cat scratch disease to endocarditis, the possible natural history of Bartonella henselae infection". BMC Infect. Dis. 7: 30. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-30. PMC 1868026. PMID 17442105.
↑ Flett K, Youngster I, Huang J, McAdam A, Sandora TJ, Rennick M, Smole S, Rogers SL, Nix WA, Oberste MS, Gellis S, Ahmed AA (2012). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6". Emerging Infect. Dis. 18 (10): 1702–4. doi:10.3201/eid1810.120813. PMC 3471644. PMID 23017893.

Template:WH Template:WS

[cdc3-1] Information for Healthcare Professionals about Histoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/health-professionals.html. Accessed February 2, 2016.

[pmid23843703-2] Brown J, Benedict K, Park BJ, Thompson GR (2013). "Coccidioidomycosis: epidemiology". Clin Epidemiol. 5: 185–97. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S34434. PMC 3702223. PMID 23843703.

[pmid24173174-3] Marques SA (2013). "Paracoccidioidomycosis: epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and treatment up-dating". An Bras Dermatol. 88 (5): 700–11. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132463. PMC 3798345. PMID 24173174.

[pmid25614735-4] Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.

[pmid20375786-5] Sherif R, Segal BH (2010). "Pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, management and complications". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 16 (3): 242–50. doi:10.1097/MCP.0b013e328337d6de. PMC 3326383. PMID 20375786.

[pmid22527064-6] Hicks CW, Sweeney DA, Cui X, Li Y, Eichacker PQ (2012). "An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users". Intensive Care Med. 38 (7): 1092–104. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2541-0. PMC 3523299. PMID 22527064.

[pmid24330484-7] Schuetz P, Haubitz S, Christ-Crain M, Albrich WC, Zimmerli W, Mueller B (2013). "Hyponatremia and anti-diuretic hormone in Legionnaires' disease". BMC Infect. Dis. 13: 585. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-585. PMC 3880094. PMID 24330484.

[pmid21517700-8] Lamont RF, Sobel J, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Kim SK, Uldbjerg N, Romero R (2011). "Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review". J Perinat Med. 39 (3): 227–36. doi:10.1515/JPM.2011.035. PMC 3593057. PMID 21517700.

[pmid26937940-9] Zhou YH, Xia FQ, Van Poucke S, Zheng MH (2016). "Successful Treatment of Scrub Typhus-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis With Chloramphenicol: Report of 3 Pediatric Cases and Literature Review". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (8): e2928. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002928. PMC 4779037. PMID 26937940.

[pmid27059657-10] Iroh Tam PY, Obaro SK, Storch G (2016). "Challenges in the Etiology and Diagnosis of Acute Febrile Illness in Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries". J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 5 (2): 190–205. doi:10.1093/jpids/piw016. PMID 27059657.

[pmid17442105-11] Gouriet F, Lepidi H, Habib G, Collart F, Raoult D (2007). "From cat scratch disease to endocarditis, the possible natural history of Bartonella henselae infection". BMC Infect. Dis. 7: 30. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-30. PMC 1868026. PMID 17442105.

[pmid23017893-12] Flett K, Youngster I, Huang J, McAdam A, Sandora TJ, Rennick M, Smole S, Rogers SL, Nix WA, Oberste MS, Gellis S, Ahmed AA (2012). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus a6". Emerging Infect. Dis. 18 (10): 1702–4. doi:10.3201/eid1810.120813. PMC 3471644. PMID 23017893.

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