Histoplasmosis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Risk factors for pulmonary histoplasmosis include:

Living in or traveling to the Central or Eastern United States.
Activities such as spelunking, mining, construction, excavation, demolition, roofing, chimney cleaning, farming, gardening, and installing heating and air-conditioning systems.
Activities that expose people to areas where bats live and birds roost also increase risk. Exposure to soil or particles contaminated with droppings of chickens, bats, or blackbirds is the main mode of transmission.^[1]

Risk factors for severe acute disease or disseminated disease

Infants
Immunocompromised states
AIDS Patients with CD4 counts of less than 150 cells/mm³ are at highest risk
Hematologic malignancies
Solid organ transplant
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Use of immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids and tumor necrosis factor antagonists
Congenital T-cell deficiencies
Gamma interferon receptor deficiency
Hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome

↑ Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.