Sandbox:smoke

Template:Smoking cessation Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2],Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3],Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[4]

Epidemiology

• Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States, accounting for more than 480,000 deaths every year, or 1 of every 5 deaths.
• In 2015, about 15 of every 100 U.S. adults aged 18 years or older (15.1%) currently smoked cigarettes, this means an estimated 36.5 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes.
• Current smoking has declined from nearly 21 of every 100 adults (20.9%) in 2005 to about 15 of every 100 adults (15.1%) in 2015.
• Nearly 40 million US adults still smoke cigarettes, and about 4.7 million middle and high school students use at least one tobacco product, including e-cigarettes.
• Every day, more than 3,800 youth younger than 18 years smoke their first cigarette.
• Each year, nearly half a million Americans die prematurely of smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke and more than 16 million Americans live with a smoking-related disease.
• Each year, the United States spends nearly $170 billion on medical care to treat smoking-related disease in adults.

The epidemiology of the current smoking status based on different descriptive characteristics is as follows:

Gender

• Nearly 17 of every 100 adult men (16.7%).
• More than 13 of every 100 adult women (13.6%).

Age

• 13 of every 100 adults aged 18–24 years (13.0%).
• Nearly 18 of every 100 adults aged 25–44 years (17.7%)
• 17 of every 100 adults aged 45–64 years (17.0%).
• More than 8 of every 100 adults aged 65 years and older (8.4%).

Race

• Nearly 22 of every 100 non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives (21.9%).
• More than 20 of every 100 non-Hispanic multiple race individuals (20.2%).
• Nearly 17 of every 100 non-Hispanic Blacks (16.7%).
• More than 16 of every 100 non-Hispanic Whites (16.6%).
• More than 10 of every 100 Hispanics (10.1%).
• 7 of every 100 non-Hispanic Asians* (7.0%).

Education

• More than 24 of every 100 adults with 12 or fewer years of education (no diploma) (24.2%).
• About 34 of every 100 adults with a GED certificate (34.1%).
• Nearly 20 of every 100 adults with a high school diploma (19.8%).
• More than 18 of every 100 adults with some college (no degree) (18.5%).
• More than 16 of every 100 adults with an associate's degree (16.6%).
• More than 7 of every 100 adults with an undergraduate college degree (7.4%).
• More than 3 of every 100 adults with a graduate degree (3.6%).

Socio-economic status

• About 26 of every 100 adults who live below the poverty level (26.1%).
• Nearly 14 of every 100 adults who live at or above the poverty level (13.9%).

Geographical Area

• Nearly 19 of every 100 adults who live in the Midwest (18.7%).
• More than 15 of every 100 adults who live in the South (15.3%).
• More than 13 of every 100 adults who live in the Northeast (13.5%).
• More than 12 of every 100 adults who live in the West (12.4%).

Disability

• More than 21 of every 100 adults who reported having a disability/limitation (21.5%)
• Nearly 14 of every 100 adults who reported having no disability/limitation (13.8%)

Sexual Orientation

• More than 20 of every 100 lesbian/gay/bisexual adults (20.6%)
• Nearly 15 of every 100 straight adults (14.9%)

Adult Smokers Distribution

The distribution of smokers in the US can be depicted by this picture.

Distribution of smokers in the US

Smoking and Health

Death due to Smoking

• Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.
• It causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This is nearly one in five deaths.
• Cigarette smoking increases risk for death from all causes in men and women.
• The risk of dying from cigarette smoking has increased over the last 50 years in the U.S.
• 80% of all the deaths as a result of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are due to smoking.

Other Health Risks

Smoking has shown to increases the risk of:

• Coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times
• Stroke by 2 to 4 times
• Men developing lung cancer by 25 times
• Women developing lung cancer by 25.7 times

Smoking causes diminished overall health, increased absenteeism from work, and increased health care utilization and cost

Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease

• Smoking causes stroke and coronary heart disease, which are among the leading causes of death in the United States.
• Even people who smoke fewer than five cigarettes a day can have early signs of cardiovascular disease.
• Smoking damages blood vessels and can make them thicker and grow narrower.
• A stroke may result when:
  • A clot blocks the blood flow to part of your brain
  • A blood vessel in or around your brain bursts
• Blockages caused by smoking can also diminish the blood flow to the legs and the skin.

Smoking cessation

General Principles

The 5As are an evidence-based framework for structuring smoking cessation in health care settings. The 5As include: Ask, Assess, Advise, Assist and Arrange follow-up.

The 5As Technique Ask Identify and document tobacco use status for every patient at every visit Advise In a clear, strong, and personalized manner, urge every tobacco user to quit. Advices should be: Clear: I think it is important for you to quit smoking now and I can help you. Cutting down while you are ill is not enough. Strong: As your clinician, I need you to know that quitting smoking is the most important thing you can do to protect your health now and in the future. The clinic staff and I will help you. Personalized: Tie tobacco use to current health, and its social and economic costs, motivation level to quit, and the impact of tobacco use on children and others in the household. Assess Assess willingness to make a quit attempt. Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt within the next 30 days? Assist For the patient willing to make a quit attempt, offer medication and provide or refer for counseling or additional treatment to help the patient quit. For patients unwilling to quit at the time, provide interventions designed to increase future quit attempts. Arrange follow-up For the patient willing to make a quit attempt, arrange for followup contacts, beginning within the first week after the quit date. For patients unwilling to make a quit attempt at the time, address tobacco dependence and willingness to quit at next clinic visit.

Pharmacological

• First-line pharmacotherapy includes the multiple forms of nicotine replacement therapy (patch, nasal spray, losenge, gum, inhaler), sustained- release bupropion hydrochloride, and varenicline (Chantix).Second- line therapy includes clonidine and nortriptyline and have been found to be efficacious.

The following is a description of the various treatment modalities available:

• Sustained release bupropion hydrochloride:
  • Dose: 150 mg every morning for 3 days, then 150 mg twice daily.
  • Duration: The duration of treatment is 7–12 weeks followed by a maintenance therapy up to 6 months.
  • Adverse effects: Insomnia
  • Treatment must be begun 1-2 weeks prior to the quit date.