Smoking overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Smoking is a recreational activity in which a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burnt and the smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily done as a form of recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done as a part of religious rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment. The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes, either industrially manufactured or rolled with loose tobacco and a rolling paper. Other forms, though less common, are pipes, cigars, bongs, and hookahs. Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use
Historical perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Epidemiology and demographics
Risk factors
Screening
Natural history, complications, and prognosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
The physical examination of a patient who smokes may show tachycardia, hypertension, tachypnea, smoke-odored clothing, stained teeth or fingernails, hoarse voice and wheezing.[1][2][3][4]
Laboratory Findings
CT scan
MRI
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
References
- ↑ Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P (2010). "Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis". BMJ. 340: b5569. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5569. PMC 2809841. PMID 20093278.
- ↑ Iribarren C, Tekawa IS, Sidney S, Friedman GD (1999). "Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men". N Engl J Med. 340 (23): 1773–80. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402301. PMID 10362820.
- ↑ Boffetta P, Pershagen G, Jöckel KH, Forastiere F, Gaborieau V, Heinrich J; et al. (1999). "Cigar and pipe smoking and lung cancer risk: a multicenter study from Europe". J Natl Cancer Inst. 91 (8): 697–701. PMID 10218507.
- ↑ Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Chao A, Calle EE (2004). "Association between exclusive pipe smoking and mortality from cancer and other diseases". J Natl Cancer Inst. 96 (11): 853–61. PMID 15173269.