Tetanus risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Clostridium tetani spores can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination. Various risk factors for tetanus include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working in unhygienic environment.[1][2]
Risk Factors
There are various risk factors that increase the chance of acquiring tetanus. These include:[1][3][2]
- Improper immunization
- Never immunized for tetanus
- No booster after 10 years of last dose
- Presence of a puncture wound
- Simultaneous infection with other pathogens
- Presence of a foreign body, such as a splinter or a nail
- Presence of dead tissue
- Crushing injuries
- Burns
- Limited ischemia
- Working in unhygienic environment
- Hiking in bat caves
- Sports injuries
- Road side accidents
There are many different injuries that can result in tetanus. Some of these injuries include:[1][3]
- Animal bites
- Different types of dental procedures
- Wounds from surgeries
- Infection of umbilical stump in neonates
- Septic abortion
- Male circumcision (specially in subSaharan Africa)
- Crush injuries
- Gunshot wounds
- Puncture wounds
- Burns
- Foot ulcers in diabetic patients
- Ear infections
- Compound fractures
- Injecting drugs
- Self tattooing
Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus
- Intra muscular injections
- IV drug abuse
- Chronic sores
- Dental infections
- Superficial clean wounds
- Insect bites
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Del Pilar Morales E, Bertrán Pasarell J, Cardona Rodriguez Z, Almodovar Mercado JC, Figueroa Navarro A (2014). "Cephalic tetanus following penetrating eye trauma: a case report". Bol Asoc Med P R. 106 (2): 25–9. PMID 25065047.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.