Bronchiolitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]
Overview
Bronchiolitis is one of the most common acute respiratory diseases that infects the infants and children. Bronchiolitis affects around 3000 per 100,000 in the United States. Bronchiolitis occurs during fall, winter and early spring. Bronchiolitis can affect any age but it affects more the infants specially under 2 years. The ratio of Bronchiolitis is more in males than females and it is more common among the native Americans, Alaskans and Hispanics. Bronchiolitis has low mortality rate despite the high number of the hospitalizations.
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence
- In the United States, the incidence of bronchiolitis is 3000 per 100,000 in children less than 1 year.
- Bronchiolitis presents a seasonal pattern which varies according to climate changes in different geographic locations:
- In temperate climates, RSV infections generally occur during fall, winter, and early spring (between November and March in the northern hemisphere).
- The timing and severity of RSV circulation in a given community can vary from year to year.
- In tropical areas, bronchiolitis can be seen throughout the year as RSV periods tend to be longer. Seasonal trends of bronchiolitis could be associated to other etiological pathogens with seasonal patterns.[1]
Age
- Bronchiolitis may occur in any age but it usually affects children between the ages of 1 month and 1 year, with higher rates of severe disease in patients under 6 months of age.
- Almost all children will have had an RSV infection by their second birthday. About 25% to 40% of children exposed to RSV for the first time will develop signs or symptoms of bronchiolitis or pneumonia.[2]
- The incidence of bronchiolitis is 75,000 per 100,000 in children under 1 year.
Gender
- Bronchiolitis and severe bronchiolitis is more common in males than in females.[3]
- The male to female ratio for severe bronchiolitis is 1.5:1.
Race
- Bronchiolitis has been reported to be more in the native American, native Alaskan and Hispanic population. The low socioeconomic status also increase the percentage of the disease among these population.
- Native American and Native Alaskan children tend to have higher hospitalization rates due to bronchiolitis.
- A study showed that the rate of hospitalization due to acute respiratory disease, including bronchiolitis, is more in the black indviduals than the white individuals.[4]
Mortality and morbidity rate
Bronchiolitis is one of the acute respiratory infections that infect the children under 5 years. Bronchiolitis is one of the leading causes of death in this age group alongside the pneumonia.[2]
- Mortality rate is low despite the high number of hospitalizations:[3]
- Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the U.S. is 2 deaths per 100 000 live births and less than 400 deaths during the year.
- Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the UK is 1.82 per 100 000 live births.
- Mortality rate due to acute respiratory infection including bronchiolitis is about 2 million death worldwide.
References
- ↑ Weber MW, Mulholland EK, Greenwood BM (1998). "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in tropical and developing countries". Trop Med Int Health. 3 (4): 268–80. PMID 9623927.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rudan I, Tomaskovic L, Boschi-Pinto C, Campbell H, WHO Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (2004). "Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age". Bull World Health Organ. 82 (12): 895–903. doi:/S0042-96862004001200005 Check
|doi=value (help). PMC 2623105. PMID 15654403. - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Smyth RL, Openshaw PJ (2006). "Bronchiolitis". Lancet. 368 (9532): 312–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69077-6. PMID 16860701.
- ↑ Iwane MK, Chaves SS, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Hall CB, Staat MA; et al. (2013). "Disparities between black and white children in hospitalizations associated with acute respiratory illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in 3 US counties--2002-2009". Am J Epidemiol. 177 (7): 656–65. doi:10.1093/aje/kws299. PMID 23436899.