Thyroid nodule differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Thyroid nodule differential diagnosis

In rare cases, a thyroid nodule may reflect one of the hereditary nonmedullary thyroid cancer syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis, Werner’s syndrome, Carney complex type 1, or Gardner’s syndrome

		Nodule property	Spread			Sudden growth of neck mass	Laboratory		Thyroid scintigraphy				Biopsy result if indicated
			LN	Vessle	Metastasis		TSH	FT4/T3	Hot	Cold	US finding	FNA finding		Associated mutation	special consideration
Benign	Colloid adenoma
	Hashimoto's thyroiditis	Rarely painful		-	-				+
	Cysts nodules											Follicular cells Macrophages RBC Colloid
	Follicular adenomas						↑↑↑							PAX8-PPAR gamma 1
	Hyperplastic nodules						↑↑↑
	Macrofollicular adenomas						↑↑
	Microfollicular or cellular adenomas						↑↑
	Hürthle cell adenomas						↑↓
Malignant	Papillary carcinoma	Fixed nodules	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	Pulmonary Skeletal metastases					+	multifocal	unencapsulated and may be partially cystic	papillae consisting of one or two layers of tumor cells surrounding a well-defined fibrovascular core; follicles and colloid are typically absent The nuclei are large, oval, and appear crowded and overlapping on microscopic sections. They may contain hypodense powdery chromatin, cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions due to a redundant nuclear membrane, or nuclear grooves.	RET/PTC NTRK1 RAS BRAF
	Follicular carcinoma	Fixed nodules		↑↑↑	Bone Lung		↑↓				Unifocal	FLUS	Tumor capsule Vascular invasion	RAS mutations PAX8-PPAR gamma 1	Most common thyroid cancer in iodine deficient areas
	Oxyphilic (Hürthle cell) type carcinoma
	Medullary carcinoma		↑↑↑								Unifocal May present as multifocal	hypoechoic, microcalcifications
	Anaplastic carcinoma						↑
	Primary thyroid lymphoma
	Metastatic carcinoma
	Thyroglossal duct cysts	Mostly midline Can be painful if get infected
	Parathyroid cysts