Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

This page contains general information about Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. For more information on specific types, please visit the pages on 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, Cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD), congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme deficiency .

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia main page
Overview
Classification 21-hydroxylase deficiency
11β-hydroxylase deficiency
17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
Cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD)
Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, CAH, Adrenal hyperplasia

Overview

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia consists of several disorders result from defective enzymes and proteins involving in steroid and cortisol biosynthesis. Defects in steroid biosynthesis is caused by several genetic mutations. Decreasing cortisol levels leads to releasing the inhibitory feedback on corticotropin (ACTH) production. High ACTH level causes cortisol precursor accumulation and overproduction of other steroids. The most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which accounts for more than 95% of cases. Other causes are 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, Cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD), congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme deficiency.

Classification

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is classified into seven types based on the genetic causes that lead to hyperplasia and hormonal imbalance. There are three zones of hormonal synthesis in adrenal cortex that are shown below, and impairment of each pathway may lead to a specific subtype of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Adrenal hormone biosynthesis pathways in adrenal cortex

Disease		History and symptoms		Laboratory findings						Defective gene
		Blood pressure	Genitalia	Cortisol	Aldosterone	Androgens	Estrogens	Increased hormone precursors	Potassium levels
21-hydroxylase deficiency	Classic type	Low in salt-wasting Normal in non-salt-wasting	Female: ambiguous Male: normal or scrotal pigmentation and large phallus	Low	Low	High	Relatively low	Deoxycorticosterone 11-Deoxy-cortisol 17-hydroxyprogesterone, mild elevation	High in salt-wasting type Normal in non-salt wasting	CYP21A1 and CYP21A2 gene
	Non-classic type	Normal	Female: virilization after puberty Male: normal appearance	Low	Low	High	Relatively low	17-hydroxyprogesterone Exaggerated Androstenedione, DHEA, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone response to ACTH	Normal	CYP21A1 and CYP21A2 gene
17-α hydroxylase deficiency		Hypertension	Female: normal Male: ambiguous genitalia	Normal corticosterone Normal cortisol	High	Low	Low	Deoxycorticosterone Progesterone	Low	CYP17A1
11-β hydroxylase deficiency		Hypertension	Female: ambiguous genitalia Male: normal or scrotal pigmentation and large phallus	Low	High	High	Relatively low	Deoxycorticosterone 11-Deoxy-cortisol 17-hydroxyprogesterone, mild elevation	Low	CYP11B1
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency		Hypotension	Both male and female: ambiguous genitalia	Low	Low	Low in male and high in female	Low	Dehydroepiandrosterone 17-hydroxypregnenolone Pregnenolone	High	HSD3B2
Cytochrome P450-oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency (ORD)
Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia		Hypotension	Female: normal, no puberty in females Male: ambiguous genitalia	Low	Low	Low	Low	None of precursors increased	Low	Gene mutations on chromosome 8, codes for a protein called steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR)
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme deficiency

Differential Diagnosis

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia must be differentiated from diseases that cause ambiguous genitalia:

Disease name	Laboratory tests		Important clinical findings
	Increased	Decreased
Classic type of 21-hydroxylase deficiency	17-hydroxyprogesterone Progesterone Androstenedione DHEA	Aldosterone Corticosterone (salt-wasting) Cortisol (simple virilizing)	Ambiguous genitalia in female Virilization in female Salt-wasting Hypotension and hyperkalemia
11-β hydroxylase deficiency	Deoxycorticosterone 11-Deoxy-cortisol 17-hydroxyprogesterone, mild elevation	Cortisol Corticosterone Aldosterone	Ambiguous genitalia in female Hypertension and hypokalemia Virilization
17-α hydroxylase deficiency	Deoxycorticosterone Corticosterone Progesterone	Cortisol Aldosterone	Ambiguous genitalia in male Hypertension Primary amenorrhea Absence of secondary sexual characteristics Minimal body hair
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency	Dehydroepiandrosterone 17-hydroxypregnenolone Pregnenolone	Cortisol Aldosterone	Vomiting, volume depletion, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia 46-XY infants often show undervirilization, due to a block in testosterone synthesis
Gestational hyperandrogenism	Maternal serum androgen concentrations (usually testosterone and androstenedione) are high If virilization is caused by exogenous hormone administration, the values may be low because the offending hormone is usually a synthetic steroid not measured in assays for testosterone or other androgens		Androgen excess sign and symptoms in mother History of androgen containing medication consumption during pregnancy in mother Virilization in a 46,XX individual with normal female internal anatomy Causes include maternal luteoma or theca-lutein cysts, and placental aromatase enzyme deficiency

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia must be differentiated from diseases that cause virilization and hirsutism in female:

Disease name	Steroid status	Other laboratory	Important clinical findings
Non-classic type of 21-hydroxylase deficiency	Increased: 17-hydroxyprogesterone Exaggerated Androstenedione, DHEA, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone response to ACTH	Low testosterone levels	No symptoms in infancy and male Virilization in females
11-β hydroxylase deficiency	Increased: DOC 11-Deoxy-Cortisol Decreased: Cortisol Corticosterone Aldosterone	Low testosterone levels	Hypertension and hypokalemia Virilization
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency	Increased: DHEA 17-hydroxypregnenolone Pregnenolone Decreased: Cortisol Aldosterone	Low testosterone levels	Salt-wasting adrenal crisis in infancy Mild virilization of genetically female infants Undervirilization of genetically male infants, making it the only form of CAH which can cause ambiguous genitalia in both genetic sexes.
Polycystic ovary syndrome	High DHEAS and androstenedione levels	Low testosterone levels	Polycystic ovaries in sonography Obesity PCOS is the most common cause of hirsutism in women No evidence another diagnosis
Adrenal tumors	Variable levels depends on tumor type	Low testosterone level	Older age Rapidly progressive symptoms
Ovarian virilizing tumor	Variable levels depends on tumor type	Testosterone is high	Older age Rapidly progressive symptoms
Cushing's syndrome	Increase cortisol & metabolites Variable other steroids	Variable mineralocorticoid excess	Cushingoid appearance
Hyperprolactinemia	Normal levels of most of steroids	Increased prolactin	Infertility, galactorrhea

Some types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia must be differentiated from diseases with primary amenorrhea and female external genitalia.

Disease name	Cause	Differentiating
		Findings	Uterus	Breast development	Testosterone	LH	FSH	Karyotyping
Pregnancy		HCG positive
3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency	HSD3B2 gene mutation	Undervirilization in 46,XY individuals due to a block in testosterone biosynthesis. Mild virilization in 46,XX individuals	Yes in female	Yes in female	Low	Normal	Normal	XY and XX
17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency	CYP17A1 gene mutation	Female external genitalia Primary amenorrhea Hypertension Absence of secondary sexual characteristics Minimal body hair	No	No	Low	Normal	Normal	XY
Gonadal dysgenesis	Mutations in SRY, FOG2/ZFPM2, and WNT1	Female external genitalia Intact Mullerian ducts Streak gonads karyotyping	Yes	Yes	Low	High	High	XY
Testicular regression syndrome	Loss of testicular function and tissue early in development	Female phenotype with atrophic Mullerian ducts.	No	No	Low	High	High	XY
LH receptor defects	LH receptor gene mutation on chromosome 2	Female external genitalia Lack a uterus and fallopian tubes Epididymis and vas deferens may be present Laboratory: Unresponsiveness to hCG Normal levels of testosterone precursors (produced in the adrenal glands).	No	No	Low	High	High	XY
5-alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency	Autosomal recessive	Female external genitalia or ambiguous Bilateral testes and normal testosterone formation Impaired external virilization during embryogenesis Defective conversion of testosterone to DHT. Testosterone:DHT ratio is >10:1	No	No	Normal male range	High to normal	High to normal	XY
Androgen insensitivity syndrome	Androgen receptor defect	Female external genitalia Resistant to testosterone	No	Yes	Normal male range	Normal	Normal	XY
Mullerian agenesis	Mutations in WNT4	Normal female genitalia Normal breast development	No	Yes	Normal female range	Normal	Normal	XX
Primary ovarian insufficiency	Genetic defects such as turner syndrome, fragile X syndrome, some other chromosomal defects	Normal female genitalia	Yes	Yes	Normal female range	High	High	XX
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism	Functional, sellar masses	Normal female genitalia, No puberty	Yes	No	Normal female range	Low	Normal	XX
Turner syndrome	Chromosomal	Female external genitalia	Yes	Yes	Normal female range	High	High	45 XO

References