Hypopituitarism causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Cause

Common Causes

Hypopituitarism and panhypopituitarism can be congenital or acquired. A partial list of causes and forms:

• Congenital hypopituitarism
  • Hypoplasia of the pituitary
    • Isolated idiopathic congenital hypopituitarism
    • Associated with other congenital syndromes and birth defects
      • Septo-optic dysplasia
      • Holoprosencephaly
      • Chromosome 22 deletion syndrome
      • Rapaport syndrome
  • Single gene defect forms of anterior pituitary hormone deficiency
• Acquired hypopituitarism (Simmonds' disease)
  • Trauma (e.g., skull base fracture)
  • Surgery (e.g., removal of pituitary neoplasm)
  • Tumor - secretory and non-secretory (20%) pituitary or hypothalamic neoplasms, cause hypopituitarism by compressing the remaining tissue
  • Inflammation (e.g. sarcoidosis or autoimmune hypophysitis)
  • Radiation (e.g., after cranial irradiation for childhood leukemia)
  • Shock
    • (Sheehan's syndrome is hypopituitarism after heavy bleeding in childbirth)
  • Hemochromatosis
• other diseases.

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia Nervosa
• Changes in body weight
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Emotional disorders
• Empty Sella Syndrome
• Habitual exercise
• Head Trauma
• Hemochromatosis
• Infection

• Fungal
• Malaria
• Meningitis
• Syphillis
• Tuberculosis

• Ischemic nerosis of the pituitary

• Anticoagulant therapy
• Arteriosclerosis
• Arteritis temporalis
• Blood dyscrasias
• Brain Trauma
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Eclampsia
• Increased cranial pressure
• Sheehan's Syndrome
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Tumor

• Iatrogenic
• Parasellar tumor/pituitary compression

• Craniopharyngioma
• Chromophobe adenoma
• Intracranial cartoid branch aneurysm
• Lymphoma
• Meningioma
• Metasteses
• Optic nerve neuroma

• Pituitary adenomas
• Renal Failure
• Sarcoidosis
• Wegener's Granulomatosis

Hypopituitarism Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hypopituitarism from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X Ray
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Hypopituitarism causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopituitarism causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Hypopituitarism causes
CDC on Hypopituitarism causes
Hypopituitarism causes in the news
Blogs on Hypopituitarism causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Hypopituitarism
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopituitarism causes

Hypothalmic	Mass lesions  Benign (craniopharyngiomas) Malignant tumors (metastatic from lung, breast, etc)
	Radiation :  CNS and nasopharyngeal malignancies
	Infections: Tuberculous meningitis
	Infiltrative lesions: Sarcoidosis Langerhans cell histiocytosis
	Other : Traumatic brain injury Stroke
Pituitary	Mass lesions: Pituitary adenomas Other benign tumors Cysts
	Pituitary radiation
	Pituitary surgery
	Infection/abscess
	Infiltrative lesions: Hypophysitis - Lymphocytic hypophysitis - Granulomatous hypophysitis - Plasmacytic (IgG4-associated) hypophysitis 2. Hemochromatosis
	Infarction: Sheehan syndrome
	Apoplexy
	Empty sella
	Genetic mutations

Isolated hormone abnormalities	Gene	Inheritance	Phenotype
			Isolated GH deficiency
			Isolated GH deficiency
			Isolated TSH deficiency
			Isolated TSH deficiency
			Isolated ACTH deficiency
			HH
			ACTH deficiency, hypoglycemia, HH, obesity
			ACTH deficiency, obesity, red hair
			Adrenal hypoplasia congenital and HH
			CRH deficiency
			Kallman syndrome, renal agenesis, synkinesia
			Kallman syndrome, cleft lip and palate, facial dysmorphism
			HH, obesity
			HH, obesity
			HH
			HH
			Primary amenorrhea, defective spermatogenesis
			Delayed puberty
			Kallman syndrome, severe sleep disorder, obesity
			Kallman syndrome
			Diabetes insipidus
Combined pituitary hormone deficiency			GH, TSH and prolactin deficiencies
			GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin, and evolving ACTH deficiencies
Specific syndromes			Septo-optic dysplasia
			GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin deficiencies, limited neck rotation
			GH, TSH, ACTH deficiencies with cerebellar abnormalities
			Hypopituitarism and mental retardation
			Holoprosencephaly and multiple midline defects
			Anophthalmia, hypopituitarism, oesophageal atresia
			Pallister-Hall syndrome
			Rieger syndrome