Hypopituitarism causes
|
Hypopituitarism Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Hypopituitarism causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopituitarism causes |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopituitarism causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
Cause
Common Causes
Causes can be classified based upon the etiology such as congenital or acquired.
| Etiology | Underlying cause/disease | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Congeital | Idiopathic | |
| Anatomic lesion in sella | Primary empty sella syndrome, Rathke's cyst | |
| CNS malformations | septo-optic- dysplasia, Kallmann syndrome, and pituitary
stalk interruption syndrome | |
| Acquired | Pituitary tumor | mainly displacing macroadenoma |
| Craniopharyngeoma | ||
| Surgery | Transsphenoidal or transcranial surgery in
the hypothalamo-pituitary region | |
| Radiation | ||
| Systemic cancer treatment | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | ||
| Sheehan's syndrome | ||
| Apolplexy | ||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | ||
| Meningitis | ||
| Hypophysitis | ||
| Meningioma | in sellar region | |
| Lymphoma | ||
| Wegner's granulomatosis | ||
| Hemochromatosis |
Less common causes:
Less common causes of hypopituitarism include:[1]
- Peri-natal insults
- Genetic causes, such as Kallman syndrome, Pallister-Hall syndrome and Rieger syndrome. To see a complete list of genetic causes, click here.
- Trauma
- Pituitary hypoplasia or aplasia
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Changes in body weight
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Emotional disorders
- Empty Sella Syndrome
- Habitual exercise
- Head Trauma
- Hemochromatosis
- Infection
- Fungal
- Malaria
- Meningitis
- Syphillis
- Tuberculosis
- Ischemic nerosis of the pituitary
- Anticoagulant therapy
- Arteriosclerosis
- Arteritis temporalis
- Blood dyscrasias
- Brain Trauma
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Eclampsia
- Increased cranial pressure
- Sheehan's Syndrome
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Tumor
- Iatrogenic
- Parasellar tumor/pituitary compression
- Craniopharyngioma
- Chromophobe adenoma
- Intracranial cartoid branch aneurysm
- Lymphoma
- Meningioma
- Metasteses
- Optic nerve neuroma
|
Hypopituitarism Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Hypopituitarism causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopituitarism causes |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopituitarism causes |
Etiology based on anatomical location of pathology:
| Anatomical location | Cause |
|---|---|
| Hypothalmic | Mass lesions
|
| Radiation : CNS and nasopharyngeal malignancies | |
| Infections: Tuberculous meningitis | |
Infiltrative lesions:
| |
Other :
| |
| Pituitary | Mass lesions:
|
| Pituitary radiation | |
| Pituitary surgery | |
| Infection/abscess | |
Infiltrative lesions:
2. Hemochromatosis | |
| Infarction: Sheehan syndrome | |
| Apoplexy | |
| Empty sella | |
| Genetic mutations |
Genetic Causes
Hypopituitarism is caused by mutation in any one of the following genes.
| Isolated
hormone abnormalities |
Gene | Inheritance | Phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|
| GH1 | AR, AD | Isolated GH deficiency | |
| GHRHR | AR | Isolated GH deficiency | |
| TSHB | AR | Isolated TSH deficiency | |
| TRHR | AR | Isolated TSH deficiency | |
| TPIT | AR | Isolated ACTH deficiency | |
| GnRHR | AR | HH | |
| PC1 | AR | ACTH deficiency, hypoglycemia, HH, obesity | |
| POMC | AR | ACTH deficiency, obesity, red hair | |
| DAX1 | XL | Adrenal hypoplasia congenital and HH | |
| CRH | AR | CRH deficiency | |
| KAL1 | XL | Kallman syndrome, renal agenesis, synkinesia | |
| FGFR1 | AD, AR | Kallman syndrome, cleft lip and palate, facial dysmorphism | |
| Leptin | AR | HH, obesity | |
| Leptin-R | AR | HH, obesity | |
| GPR54 | AR | HH | |
| Kisspeptin | AR | HH | |
| FSHB | AR | Primary amenorrhea, defective spermatogenesis | |
| LHB | AR | Delayed puberty | |
| PROK2 | AD | Kallman syndrome, severe sleep disorder, obesity | |
| PROKR2 | AD, AR | Kallman syndrome | |
| AVP-NPII | AR, AD | Diabetes insipidus | |
| Combined pituitary hormone deficiency | POU1F1 | AR, AD | GH, TSH and prolactin deficiencies |
| PROP1 | AR | GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin, and evolving ACTH deficiencies | |
| Specific syndromes | HESX1 | AR, AD | Septo-optic dysplasia |
| LHX3 | AR | GH, TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin deficiencies, limited neck rotation | |
| LHX4 | AD | GH, TSH, ACTH deficiencies with cerebellar abnormalities | |
| SOX3 | XL | Hypopituitarism and mental retardation | |
| GLI2 | AD | Holoprosencephaly and multiple midline defects | |
| SOX2 | AD | Anophthalmia, hypopituitarism, oesophageal atresia | |
| GLI3 | AD | Pallister-Hall syndrome | |
| PITX2 | AD | Rieger syndrome |