Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
Risk Factors
Factors increasing risk
The following factors are associated with an increased risk of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS):[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
- Old age
- Obesity
- High mean glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
- Infection
- Physiological stressors:
- Depression
- Lack of health insurance
- Low body mass index (BMI)
- Delayed or improper management of diabetes
Factors decreasing risk
The following factors are associated with a reduced risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA):[12]
- Family history of type 1 diabetes
- Higher education level of both patient and parents
- Higher background incidence of type 1 diabetes (associated with increased awareness of DKA)
- Adequate and optimum management of diabetes
- There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
- The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
- Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
- Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
- [risk factor 1]
- [risk factor 2]
- [risk factor 3]
- Physiological stressors:
- Burns
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage
- Heatstroke
- Hypothermia
- Intestinal obstruction
- Mesenteric thrombosis
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Rhabdomyolysis
Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
- [risk factor 1]
- [risk factor 2]
- [risk factor 3]
References
- ↑ Weinstock RS, Xing D, Maahs DM, Michels A, Rickels MR, Peters AL, Bergenstal RM, Harris B, Dubose SN, Miller KM, Beck RW (2013). "Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 diabetes: results from the T1D Exchange clinic registry". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (8): 3411–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1589. PMID 23760624.
- ↑ "Clinical and socio-demographic factors associated with diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalization in adults with Type 1 diabetes - Butalia - 2013 - Diabetic Medicine - Wiley Online Library".
- ↑ Cengiz E, Xing D, Wong JC, Wolfsdorf JI, Haymond MW, Rewers A, Shanmugham S, Tamborlane WV, Willi SM, Seiple DL, Miller KM, DuBose SN, Beck RW (2013). "Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis among youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D Exchange clinic registry". Pediatr Diabetes. 14 (6): 447–54. doi:10.1111/pedi.12030. PMC 4100244. PMID 23469984.
- ↑ "Diabetes Care".
- ↑ Low JC, Felner EI, Muir AB, Brown M, Dorcelet M, Peng L, Umpierrez GE (2012). "Do obese children with diabetic ketoacidosis have type 1 or type 2 diabetes?". Prim Care Diabetes. 6 (1): 61–5. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2011.11.001. PMC 3746511. PMID 22230097.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Katz JR, Edwards R, Khan M, Conway GS (1996). "Acromegaly presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis". Postgrad Med J. 72 (853): 682–3. PMC 2398638. PMID 8944212.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Burzynski J (2005). "DKA and thrombosis". CMAJ. 173 (2): 132, author reply 132–3. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1050103. PMC 1174837. PMID 16027420.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Jovanovic A, Stolic RV, Rasic DV, Markovic-Jovanovic SR, Peric VM (2014). "Stroke and diabetic ketoacidosis--some diagnostic and therapeutic considerations". Vasc Health Risk Manag. 10: 201–4. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S59593. PMC 3986295. PMID 24748799.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Pivonello R, De Leo M, Vitale P, Cozzolino A, Simeoli C, De Martino MC, Lombardi G, Colao A (2010). "Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in Cushing's syndrome". Neuroendocrinology. 92 Suppl 1: 77–81. doi:10.1159/000314319. PMID 20829623.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pasternak DP (1974). "Hemochromatosis presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis with extreme hyperglycemia". West. J. Med. 120 (3): 244–6. PMC 1129403. PMID 4205898.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kamalakannan D, Baskar V, Barton DM, Abdu TA (2003). "Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy". Postgrad Med J. 79 (934): 454–7. PMC 1742779. PMID 12954957.
- ↑ "Factors associated with the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes in children and young adults: a systematic review | The BMJ".