Paratyphoid fever epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Infections with S. Paratyphi A are common in Africa, they follow a course similar to typhoid but rose spots are more abundant and larger. Paratyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. Paratyphoid C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East. An estimated 22 million cases of typhoid fever and 200,000 related deaths occur worldwide each year; an additional 6 million cases of paratyphoid fever are estimated to occur annually. Approximately 300 cases of typhoid fever and 150 cases of paratyphoid fever are reported each year in the United States, most of which are in recent travelers.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Developed Countries
Approximately 300 cases of typhoid fever and 150 cases of paratyphoid fever are reported each year in the United States, most of which are in recent travelers. Paratyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. Paratyphoid C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East.
Developing Countries
Infections with S. Paratyphi A are common in Africa, they follow a course similar to typhoid but rose spots are more abundant and larger. The risk of typhoid fever is highest for travelers to southern Asia (6–30 times higher than for all other destinations). Other areas of risk include East and Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Factors outside the household like unclean food from street vendors and flooding help distribute the disease from person to person.[1] Because of poverty and poor hygiene and sanitary conditions the disease is more common in less-industrialized countries, principally owing to the problem of unsafe drinking-water, inadequate sewage disposal and flooding.[2] Occasionally causing epidemics, paratyphoid fever is found in large parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America. Many of those infected get the disease in Asian countries. There are about 16 million cases a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide.[3]
References
- ↑ Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S (2005). "Typhoid and paratyphoid fever". Lancet. 366 (9487): 749–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67181-4. PMID 16125594.
- ↑ "Water-related Diseases." Communicable Diseases 2001. World Health Organization. 31 Oct 2008 <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/typhoid/en/>.
- ↑ Rubin, Raphael., David S. Strayer., Emanuel Rubin., Jay M. McDonald. Rubin's Pathology. 5th ed. 2007