Salmonellosis historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]
Overview
Salmonella was first isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Theobald Smith, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was isolated for the first time, from the spleen of patients with typhoid fever by Gaffkey in 1884. The first vaccine against the disease was made by Pfeiffer and Kalle in 1896. Modern antibiotic therapy against typhoid fever derived from the treatment of the first cured patient in 1948.
Historical Perspective
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith, in 1885. However, this disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection by Salmonella.[1]
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots to be related to the disease.[2]
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the English literature. According to him, typhoid was associated with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. He also noted that previous history of typhoid protected the individual from further disease, which did not occur in typhus. The term enteric fever was first introduced by Wilson, who in 1869 suggested it, after the anatomic region where infection occurred. Today both nomenclatures are used, with preference given to enteric fever.[3]
The transmission of typhoid fever was only described in 1873 by Budd, who demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted by fomites, food and water.[4]
In 1884, Gaffkey isolated the bacterium in Germany, from the spleen of patients with the disease.[5]
The first typhoid vaccine was only made in 1896 by Pfeiffer and Kalle, using organisms killed by heat. Widal et all. also demonstrated, on the same year, that sera from convalescent typhoid patients made the live organisms lose motility and group in clusters.[6]
After several years of antibody studies, and their interactions with the bacterial surface, Salmonella was classified into serotypes, according to its antigens, by Kauffman and White.[7]
Modern antibiotic therapy of typhoid fever derives from the successful treatment of a Malaysian patient in 1948.[8]
References
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Budd W (1918). "TYPHOID FEVER ITS NATURE, MODE OF SPREADING, AND PREVENTION". Am J Public Health (N Y). 8 (8): 610–2. PMC 1362304. PMID 18009937.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Ellermeier, Craig D.; Slauch, James M. (2006). "The Genus Salmonella": 123–158. doi:10.1007/0-387-30746-X_7.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
- ↑ Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.