Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state historical perspective

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Historical Perspective

Discovery

• [Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

• The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
• In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

• The known history of diabetes dates back to the Egyptian era, and the first documented evidence was found in an Egyptian papyrus dating back to 1552 BC.
• In 1828, von Stosch for the first time described diabetic coma in detail.
• In 1857, Petters discovered acetone in the urine of patients with diabetes.
• In 1865, Gerhardt discovered acetoacetic acid in the urine of patients with diabetes.
• In 1874, Kussmaul also described diabetic coma in detail.
• In 1878, Foster described some cases of diabetic coma and acetonemia.
• In 1883–1884, Stadelmann, Külz, Minkowski found out that in addition to acetone patients with diabetic coma also have β-hydroxybutyric acid.

1884–1886 von Frerichs (21)/Dreschfeld (14) Description of a nonketotic diabetic coma 1922 Banting et al. (83) Insulin discovery 1909–1923 Lépine (92)/Revillet (93)/McCaskey (94)/Bock et al. (95) Case series of diabetic coma without ketonuria 1930–1935 Lawrence (84)/Joslin (17) Initial recommendations for the management of diabetic comas 1957 Sament and Schwartz (30)/de Graeff and Lips (29) Detailed case reports of diabetic coma without ketones and hyperosmolality 1962 Singer et al. (85) Linking osmolality and hyperglycemia 1971 Arieff and Carroll (55)/Gerich et al. (54) Case series of HHS; initial criteria 1973 Arieff and Kleeman (77) Mechanisms leading to cerebral edema 1976–1977 Alberti and Hockaday (60)/Kitabchi et al. (70) Low-dose insulin protocols 2004–2009 Kitabchi et al. (4,86,87) Position Statement, American Diabetes Association: management of hyperglycemic crises 2011 Zeitler et al. (59) Guidelines for the management of HHS in children

Outbreaks

• There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

• In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Famous Cases

• The following are a few famous cases of disease name: