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Hypercalcemia

Related to Parathyroid gland

Unrelated to parathyroid gland

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Typical primary hyperparathyroidism

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

Malignancy

Medication induced

Nutritional

Granulomatous disease

Surgical

Para-neoplastic syndrome: Parathyroid hormone related peptide

Metaplasia: Hypercalcemia due to bone destruction

Thiazide diuretics

Lithium

Milk alkali syndrome

Vitamin D toxicity

Sarcoidosis

Immobilization

Differential diagnosis

Hypoparathyroidism				Inheritance	Gene mutation	Clinical features
Autoimmune		Autoimmune polyglandular hypoparathyroidism	Autoimmune polyglandular endocrinopathy type 1	Autosomal recessive disease	Mutation in AIRE gene	Also known as autosomal recessive disease called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Presents with a variable combination of: Failure of the parathyroid glands, adrenal cortex, gonads, pancreatic beta cells, gastric parietal cells, and thyroid gland, and hepatitis Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Dystrophy of dental enamel and nails, alopecia, vitiligo, and keratopath
Isolated		Familial Isolated hypoparathyroidism		Autosomal dominant	PTH gene
					GCM2 gene
				Autosomal recessive	PTH gene
					GCM2 gene
				X-linked
		Autosomal dominant hypercalcemia	Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1
			Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 2
Congenital multisystem syndromes		DiGeorge syndrome
		CHARGE syndrome
		Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 1
		Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2
		Sanjad-Sakati syndrome
		Barakat syndrome
Metabolic diseases	Mitochondiral polyneuropathies	Kearns–Sayre syndrome
		Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD)
	Mitochondrial enzyme deficiencies	Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (MTP deficiency)
		Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD deficiency)
	Heavy metal storage disorders	Hemochromatosis
		Wilson's disease