Whipple's disease epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Whipple's disease is an extremely rare disease among middle-aged white males in North America and western Europe. It affects males 8 times more than females. Few studies were done to evaluate the demographics of Whipple's disease due to sparsity of the disease. It is a fatal disease, if left untreated.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of Whipple's disease is approximately 12 annually worldwide.[1]
- Between 1907 and 1987, the incidence of Whipple's disease was estimated to be 696 cases worldwide.[1]
- The incidence of Whipple's disease is approximately 1 per 1,000,000 individuals annually in north-western Italy.[2]
Prevalence
- The prevalence of Whipple's disease is approximately 3 per 1,000,000 individuals in north-western Italy.[2]
Case-fatality rate
- The case-fatality rate of Whipple's disease is approximately 100%, if left untreated.[3]
- The case-fatality rate of treated Whipple's disease is unknown.[4]
Age
- Whipple's disease commonly affects individuals between 40 to 60 years of age; the median age at diagnosis is 50 years.[5]
Race
- Whipple's disease usually affects individuals of the caucasian race. Africans and Asians are less likely to develop Whipple's disease.[6]
Gender
- Males are more commonly affected by Whipple's disease than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 8 to 1.[5]
Region
- The majority of Whipple's disease cases are reported in North America and western Europe.[7]
Developed Countries
- In Europe, the prevalence of chronic carrier of Tropheryma whipplei is 1%-11% of general adult population.[8][9]
Developing Countries
- In Senegal, the prevalence of chronic carrier of Tropheryma whipplei is 75% of children under 4 years of age.[10]
- In Laos, the prevalence of chronic carrier of Tropheryma whipplei is 48% by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the feces of children.[11]
- In Ghana, the prevalence of chronic carrier of Tropheryma whipplei is 27.5% by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the feces of children.[12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dobbins W, III. 1987. Whipple’s disease. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, IL.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Biagi, F.; Balduzzi, D.; Delvino, P.; Schiepatti, A.; Klersy, C.; Corazza, G. R. (2015). "Prevalence of Whipple's disease in north-western Italy". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 34 (7): 1347–1348. doi:10.1007/s10096-015-2357-2. ISSN 0934-9723.
- ↑ Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathébras P, Rousset H, Godeau P (1997). "Whipple disease. Clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI Research Group on Whipple Disease. Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne". Medicine (Baltimore). 76 (3): 170–84. PMID 9193452.
- ↑ Marth, Thomas; Raoult, Didier (2003). "Whipple's disease". The Lancet. 361 (9353): 239–246. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12274-X. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Marth, Thomas (2015). "Tropheryma whipplei, Immunosuppression and Whipple's Disease: From a Low-Pathogenic, Environmental Infectious Organism to a Rare, Multifaceted Inflammatory Complex". Digestive Diseases. 33 (2): 190–199. doi:10.1159/000369538. ISSN 0257-2753.
- ↑ Dolmans, Ruben A. V.; Boel, C. H. Edwin; Lacle, Miangela M.; Kusters, Johannes G. (2017). "Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei Infections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 30 (2): 529–555. doi:10.1128/CMR.00033-16. ISSN 0893-8512.
- ↑ Fenollar, Florence; Puéchal, Xavier; Raoult, Didier (2007). "Whipple's Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1056/NEJMra062477. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Fenollar, Florence; Laouira, Sonia; Lepidi, Hubert; Rolain, Jean‐Marc; Raoult, Didier (2008). "Value ofTropheryma whippleiQuantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Whipple Disease: Usefulness of Saliva and Stool Specimens for First‐Line Screening". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 47 (5): 659–667. doi:10.1086/590559. ISSN 1058-4838.
- ↑ Fenollar, Florence; Trani, Michèle; Davoust, Bernard; Salle, Bettina; Birg, Marie‐Laure; Rolain, Jean‐Marc; Raoult, Didier (2008). "Prevalence of AsymptomaticTropheryma whippleiCarriage among Humans and Nonhuman Primates". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 197 (6): 880–887. doi:10.1086/528693. ISSN 0022-1899.
- ↑ Keita, Alpha Kabinet; Raoult, Didier; Fenollar, Florence (2013). "Tropheryma whippleias a commensal bacterium". Future Microbiology. 8 (1): 57–71. doi:10.2217/fmb.12.124. ISSN 1746-0913.
- ↑ Small, Pamela L.; Keita, Alpha Kabinet; Dubot-Pérès, Audrey; Phommasone, Koukeo; Sibounheuang, Bountoy; Vongsouvath, Manivanh; Mayxay, Mayfong; Raoult, Didier; Newton, Paul N.; Fenollar, Florence (2015). "High Prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei in Lao Kindergarten Children". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (2): e0003538. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003538. ISSN 1935-2735.
- ↑ Vinnemeier CD, Klupp EM, Krumkamp R, Rolling T, Fischer N, OwusuDabo E, Addo MM, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Kasmaier J, Aepfelbacher M, Cramer JP, May J, Tannich E. 2016. Tropheryma whipplei in children with diarrhoea in rural Ghana. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:65.e1– 65.e3