Chronic pancreatitis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Causes

The causes of pancreatitis are many but at least 70% of adult cases are associated with chronic alcohol use, and most patients have consumed more than 80 g/day of alcohol over six to twelve years.[1][2]

  • Major associations with chronic pancreatitis [3][4][5]
    • Alcohol[6][7][8][9][10][11]
      • ≥80 g of ethanol consumption a day for at least 5 years
      • Most common cause in men
      • Least common cause in women[12]
    • Tropical pancreatitis[13][14][15]
    • Autoimmunity
      • Autoimmune pancreatitis
      • Associated with other systemic disorders (Sjogren syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or primary biliary cholangitis)
    • Obstruction[16]
      • Fibrotic stenosis of either the papilla of Vater or the main pancreatic duct
      • Trauma
      • Pseudocysts
      • Stones
      • Tumors
      • Pancreas divisum[17] [18][19][20]
    • Anatomic variations
      • Pancreas divisum[17] [18][19][20]
      • Paraduodenal pancreatitis (Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall/groove pancreatitis[21])
    • Metabolic or systemic diseases
      • Hypercalcemia
      • Hypertryglyceridemia[22]
      • Hyperparathyroidism[23]
      • Cystic fibrosis[24]
      • Systemic lupus erythematosus[25]
    • Genetic
    • Idiopathic

References

  1. ↑ Nair RJ, Lawler L, Miller MR (2007). "Chronic pancreatitis". Am Fam Physician. 76 (11): 1679–88. PMID 18092710.
  2. ↑ Mitchell RMS et al. Pancreatitis. Lancet 2003; 361: 1447–55
  3. ↑ Mitchell RMS et al. Pancreatitis. Lancet 2003; 361: 1447–55
  4. ↑ Frulloni et al. Chronic pancreatitis: Report from a multicenter Italian survey (PanCroInfAISP) on 893 patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2009 Apr;41(4):311-7
  5. ↑ Adsay NV et al. Paraduodenal pancreatitis: a clinico-pathologically distinct entity unifying "cystic dystrophy of heterotopic pancreas", "para-duodenal wall cyst", and "groove pancreatitis". Semin Diagn Pathol. 2004 Nov;21(4):247-54.
  6. ↑ Lu Z, Karne S, Kolodecik T, Gorelick FS (2002). "Alcohols enhance caerulein-induced zymogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells". Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 282 (3): G501–7. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00388.2001. PMC 2830557. PMID 11842000.
  7. ↑ Bisceglie AM, Segal I (1984). "Cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis in alcoholics". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 6 (3): 199–200. PMID 6725910.
  8. ↑ Wilson JS, Bernstein L, McDonald C, Tait A, McNeil D, Pirola RC (1985). "Diet and drinking habits in relation to the development of alcoholic pancreatitis". Gut. 26 (9): 882–7. PMC 1432860. PMID 4029715.
  9. ↑ Whitcomb DC (2003). "Genetic predisposition to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis". Pancreas. 27 (4): 321–6. PMID 14576495.
  10. ↑ Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB, Müllhaupt B, Cavallini G, Lankisch PG, Andersen JR, Dimagno EP, Andrén-Sandberg A, Domellöf L, Frulloni L, Ammann RW (2005). "Cigarette smoking accelerates progression of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis". Gut. 54 (4): 510–4. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.039263. PMC 1774435. PMID 15753536.
  11. ↑ Morton C, Klatsky AL, Udaltsova N (2004). "Smoking, coffee, and pancreatitis". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (4): 731–8. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04143.x. PMID 15089909.
  12. ↑ Coté GA, Yadav D, Slivka A, Hawes RH, Anderson MA, Burton FR, Brand RE, Banks PA, Lewis MD, Disario JA, Gardner TB, Gelrud A, Amann ST, Baillie J, Money ME, O'Connell M, Whitcomb DC, Sherman S (2011). "Alcohol and smoking as risk factors in an epidemiology study of patients with chronic pancreatitis". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9 (3): 266–73, quiz e27. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.10.015. PMC 3043170. PMID 21029787.
  13. ↑ Sarles H, Augustine P, Laugier R, Mathew S, Dupuy P (1994). "Pancreatic lesions and modifications of pancreatic juice in tropical chronic pancreatitis (tropical calcific diabetes)". Dig. Dis. Sci. 39 (6): 1337–44. PMID 8200268.
  14. ↑ Bhatia E, Choudhuri G, Sikora SS, Landt O, Kage A, Becker M, Witt H (2002). "Tropical calcific pancreatitis: strong association with SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor mutations". Gastroenterology. 123 (4): 1020–5. PMID 12360463.
  15. ↑ Schneider A, Suman A, Rossi L, Barmada MM, Beglinger C, Parvin S, Sattar S, Ali L, Khan AK, Gyr N, Whitcomb DC (2002). "SPINK1/PSTI mutations are associated with tropical pancreatitis and type II diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh". Gastroenterology. 123 (4): 1026–30. PMID 12360464.
  16. ↑ Tarnasky PR, Hoffman B, Aabakken L, Knapple WL, Coyle W, Pineau B, Cunningham JT, Cotton PB, Hawes RH (1997). "Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is associated with chronic pancreatitis". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92 (7): 1125–9. PMID 9219783.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lehman GA, Sherman S (1995). "Pancreas divisum. Diagnosis, clinical significance, and management alternatives". Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 5 (1): 145–70. PMID 7728342.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Delhaye M, Engelholm L, Cremer M (1985). "Pancreas divisum: congenital anatomic variant or anomaly? Contribution of endoscopic retrograde dorsal pancreatography". Gastroenterology. 89 (5): 951–8. PMID 4043675.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sherman S, Hawes RH, Savides TJ, Gress FG, Ikenberry SO, Smith MT, Zaidi S, Lehman GA (1996). "Stent-induced pancreatic ductal and parenchymal changes: correlation of endoscopic ultrasound with ERCP". Gastrointest. Endosc. 44 (3): 276–82. PMID 8885346.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Smith MT, Sherman S, Ikenberry SO, Hawes RH, Lehman GA (1996). "Alterations in pancreatic ductal morphology following polyethylene pancreatic stent therapy". Gastrointest. Endosc. 44 (3): 268–75. PMID 8885345.
  21. ↑ Tezuka K, Makino T, Hirai I, Kimura W (2010). "Groove pancreatitis". Dig Surg. 27 (2): 149–52. doi:10.1159/000289099. PMID 20551662.
  22. ↑ Cox DW, Breckenridge WC, Little JA (1978). "Inheritance of apolipoprotein C-II deficiency with hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 299 (26): 1421–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM197812282992601. PMID 213719.
  23. ↑ Bess MA, Edis AJ, van Heerden JA (1980). "Hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. Chance or a causal association?". JAMA. 243 (3): 246–7. PMID 7350371.
  24. ↑ Masaryk TJ, Achkar E (1983). "Pancreatitis as initial presentation of cystic fibrosis in young adults. A report of two cases". Dig. Dis. Sci. 28 (10): 874–8. PMID 6617400.
  25. ↑ Borum M, Steinberg W, Steer M, Freedman S, White P (1993). "Chronic pancreatitis: a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus". Gastroenterology. 104 (2): 613–5. PMID 8425705.
  26. ↑ Cohn JA, Friedman KJ, Noone PG, Knowles MR, Silverman LM, Jowell PS (1998). "Relation between mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene and idiopathic pancreatitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (10): 653–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199809033391002. PMID 9725922.
  27. ↑ Sharer N, Schwarz M, Malone G, Howarth A, Painter J, Super M, Braganza J (1998). "Mutations of the cystic fibrosis gene in patients with chronic pancreatitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (10): 645–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM199809033391001. PMID 9725921.
  28. ↑ Bishop MD, Freedman SD, Zielenski J, Ahmed N, Dupuis A, Martin S, Ellis L, Shea J, Hopper I, Corey M, Kortan P, Haber G, Ross C, Tzountzouris J, Steele L, Ray PN, Tsui LC, Durie PR (2005). "The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene and ion channel function in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis". Hum. Genet. 118 (3–4): 372–81. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0059-z. PMID 16193325.
  29. ↑ Noone PG, Zhou Z, Silverman LM, Jowell PS, Knowles MR, Cohn JA (2001). "Cystic fibrosis gene mutations and pancreatitis risk: relation to epithelial ion transport and trypsin inhibitor gene mutations". Gastroenterology. 121 (6): 1310–9. PMID 11729110.
  30. ↑ LaRusch J, Jung J, General IJ, Lewis MD, Park HW, Brand RE, Gelrud A, Anderson MA, Banks PA, Conwell D, Lawrence C, Romagnuolo J, Baillie J, Alkaade S, Cote G, Gardner TB, Amann ST, Slivka A, Sandhu B, Aloe A, Kienholz ML, Yadav D, Barmada MM, Bahar I, Lee MG, Whitcomb DC (2014). "Mechanisms of CFTR functional variants that impair regulated bicarbonate permeation and increase risk for pancreatitis but not for cystic fibrosis". PLoS Genet. 10 (7): e1004376. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004376. PMC 4102440. PMID 25033378.
  31. ↑ Witt H, Luck W, Hennies HC, Classen M, Kage A, Lass U, Landt O, Becker M (2000). "Mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 are associated with chronic pancreatitis". Nat. Genet. 25 (2): 213–6. doi:10.1038/76088. PMID 10835640.
  32. ↑ Rosendahl J, Witt H, Szmola R, Bhatia E, Ozsvári B, Landt O, Schulz HU, Gress TM, Pfützer R, Löhr M, Kovacs P, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Choudhuri G, Hegyi P, te Morsche RH, Drenth JP, Truninger K, Macek M, Puhl G, Witt U, Schmidt H, Büning C, Ockenga J, Kage A, Groneberg DA, Nickel R, Berg T, Wiedenmann B, Bödeker H, Keim V, Mössner J, Teich N, Sahin-Tóth M (2008). "Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) variants that diminish activity or secretion are associated with chronic pancreatitis". Nat. Genet. 40 (1): 78–82. doi:10.1038/ng.2007.44. PMC 2650829. PMID 18059268.
  33. ↑ Sossenheimer MJ, Aston CE, Preston RA, Gates LK, Ulrich CD, Martin SP, Zhang Y, Gorry MC, Ehrlich GD, Whitcomb DC (1997). "Clinical characteristics of hereditary pancreatitis in a large family, based on high-risk haplotype. The Midwest Multicenter Pancreatic Study Group (MMPSG)". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 92 (7): 1113–6. PMID 9219780.


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