Plummer-Vinson syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akshun Kalia M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, genetic factors and nutritional deficiencies may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to increased iron demand, decreased intake and malabsorption syndromes.

Causes

The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, genetic factors and nutritional deficiencies may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to:

Common causes

Common causes of iron deficiency anemia associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome include conditions which lead to iron demand, decreased intake and malabsorption syndromes. These conditions are described below:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Physiological conditions with increased iron requirements such as:
- Growth
- Pregnancy
- Frequent blood donation

Conditions promoting blood loss leads to an increased demand of iron by the body. These include:
- Menstruation
- Gastrointestinal tract disorders such as:
  - Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract (peptic ulcers)
  - Hemorrhoids
  - Esophageal varices
  - NSAIDs (aspirin,ibuprofen)
  - Cancer of esophagus, stomach, or colon
  - Hookworms
- Genitourinary tract disorders such as:
  - Glomerulonephritis
  - Renal calculi
  - Renal or bladder carcinoma
- Hemoptysis (alveolar hemorrhage)
- Nosocomial blood loss: phlebotomy for diagnostic tests in hospitalized patients
- Following gastric or small bowel surgery: due to loss of gastric acidity, increased transit time for food, and decreased absorption of iron
Conditions leading to impaired iron absorption
- Celiac disease
- Tropical sprue
- Gastric surgery
- Hypochlorhydria
- Taking too many antacids that contain calcium
- Whipple disease
- Kwashiorkor disease
- Alcoholism

Less common causes

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (recurrent hemorrhage)
Intravascular hemolysis (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
Iatrogenic causes such as frequent blood draws, particularly in hospitalized patients
Inadequate diet in children (excessive consumption of whole cow's milk)

References

↑ Novacek G (2006). "Plummer-Vinson syndrome". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 1: 36. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-36. PMID 16978405.
↑ Changela K, Haeri NS, Krishnaiah M, Reddy M (2016). "Plummer-Vinson Syndrome with Proximal Esophageal Web". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 20 (5): 1074–5. doi:10.1007/s11605-015-3051-5. PMID 26658794.
↑ Sugiura Y, Nakagawa M, Hashizume T, Nemoto E, Kaseda S (2015). "Iron Supplementation Improved Dysphagia Related to Plummer-Vinson Syndrome". Keio J Med. 64 (3): 48–50. doi:10.2302/kjm.2014-0011-CR. PMID 26411779.
↑ Masri O, Sharara AI (2013). "Plummer-Vinson syndrome". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11 (12): e85. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.012. PMID 23707464.
↑ Zimmer V, Buecker A, Lammert F (2009). "Sideropenic dysphagia". Gastroenterology. 137 (6): e1–2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.051. PMID 19879220.

[pmid16978405-1] Novacek G (2006). "Plummer-Vinson syndrome". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 1: 36. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-36. PMID 16978405.

[pmid26658794-2] Changela K, Haeri NS, Krishnaiah M, Reddy M (2016). "Plummer-Vinson Syndrome with Proximal Esophageal Web". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 20 (5): 1074–5. doi:10.1007/s11605-015-3051-5. PMID 26658794.

[pmid26411779-3] Sugiura Y, Nakagawa M, Hashizume T, Nemoto E, Kaseda S (2015). "Iron Supplementation Improved Dysphagia Related to Plummer-Vinson Syndrome". Keio J Med. 64 (3): 48–50. doi:10.2302/kjm.2014-0011-CR. PMID 26411779.

[pmid23707464-4] Masri O, Sharara AI (2013). "Plummer-Vinson syndrome". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11 (12): e85. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.012. PMID 23707464.

[pmid19879220-5] Zimmer V, Buecker A, Lammert F (2009). "Sideropenic dysphagia". Gastroenterology. 137 (6): e1–2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.051. PMID 19879220.

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