Sandbox:ssw 2
Recommendation for Revascularization for CLI:
| Class I |
| "1.In patients with CLI, revascularization should be performed when possible to minimize tissue loss.(Level of Evidence: B-NR)" |
| "2.An evaluation for revascularization options should be performed by an interdisciplinary care team before amputation in the patient with CLI.(Level of Evidence: C-EO)" |
Recommendations for Endovascular Revascularization for CLI:
| Class I |
| "1.Endovascular procedures are recommended to establish in-line blood flow to the foot in patients with nonhealing wounds or gangrene.(Level of Evidence: B-R)" |
Pre-endoscopic medical therapy
| Conditional recommendation (Class IIa) |
| 1. Intravenous infusion of erythromycin (250 mg ~ 30 min before endoscopy) should be considered to improve diagnostic yield and decrease the need for
repeat endoscopy. However, erythromycin has not consistently been shown to improve clinical outcomes |
| 2. Pre-endoscopic intravenous PPI (e.g., 80 mg bolus followed by 8 mg / h infusion) may be considered to decrease the proportion of patients who have
higher risk stigmata of hemorrhage at endoscopy and who receive endoscopic therapy. However, PPIs do not improve clinical outcomes such as further bleeding, surgery, or death |
| 3. If endoscopy will be delayed or cannot be performed, intravenous PPI is recommended to reduce further bleeding. |
Gastric lavage
| Conditional recommendation (Class IIa) |
| 1. Nasogastric or orogastric lavage is not required in patients with UGIB for diagnosis, prognosis, visualization, or therapeutic effect |
Timing of endoscopy
| Conditional recommendation (Class IIa) |
| Timing of endoscopy
1. Patients with UGIB should generally undergo endoscopy within 24 h of admission, following resuscitative efforts to optimize hemodynamic parameters and other medical problems. |
| 2. In patients who are hemodynamically stable and without serious comorbidities endoscopy should be performed as soon as possible in a non-emergent
setting to identify the substantial proportion of patients with low-risk endoscopic fi ndings who can be safely discharged. |
| 3. In patients with higher risk clinical features (e.g., tachycardia, hypotension, bloody emesis or nasogastric aspirate in hospital) endoscopy within 12 h may
be considered to potentially improve clinical outcomes. |
Endoscopic diagnosis
| Strong recommendation (Class I) |
| 1. Stigmata of recent hemorrhage should be recorded as they predict risk of further bleeding and guide management decisions. The stigmata, in descending
risk of further bleeding, are active spurting, non-bleeding visible vessel, active oozing, adherent clot, fl at pigmented spot, and clean base . |
Endoscopic therapy
| Strong recommendation Class I |
| 1. Endoscopic therapy should be provided to patients with active spurting or oozing bleeding or a non-bleeding visible vessel. |
| 2. Endoscopic therapy should not be provided to patients who have an ulcer with a clean base or a fl at pigmented spot . |
| 3. Epinephrine therapy should not be used alone. If used, it should be combined with a second modality. |
| 4. Thermal therapy with bipolar electrocoagulation or heater probe and injection of sclerosant (e.g., absolute alcohol) are recommended because they
reduce further bleeding, need for surgery, and mortality. |
| Conditional recommendation (Class IIa) |
| 1. Endoscopic therapy may be considered for patients with an adherent clot resistant to vigorous irrigation. Benefi t may be greater in patients with clinical features
potentially associated with a higher risk of rebleeding (e.g., older age, concurrent illness, inpatient at time bleeding began). |
| 2. Clips are recommended because they appear to decrease further bleeding and need for surgery. However, comparisons of clips vs. other therapies yield
variable results and currently used clips have not been well studied . |
| 3. For the subset of patients with actively bleeding ulcers, thermal therapy or epinephrine plus a second modality may be preferred over clips or sclerosant
alone to achieve initial hemostasis . |
Medical therapy after endoscopy
| Strong recommendation (Class I) |
| 1. After successful endoscopic hemostasis, intravenous PPI therapy with 80 mg bolus followed by 8 mg/h continuous infusion for 72 h should be given to
patients who have an ulcer with active bleeding, a non-bleeding visible vessel, or an adherent clot. |
| 2. Patients with ulcers that have fl at pigmented spots or clean bases can receive standard PPI therapy (e.g., oral PPI once daily). |
Repeat endoscopy
| Conditional recommendation (Class IIa) |
| 1. Routine second-look endoscopy, in which repeat endoscopy is performed 24 h after initial endoscopic hemostatic therapy, is not recommended. |
| 2.If further bleeding occurs after a second endoscopic therapeutic session, surgery or interventional radiology with transcathether arterial embolization is
generally employed |
Hospitalization
| Conditional recommendation (Class IIa) |
| 1.Patients with high-risk stigmata (active bleeding, visible vessels, clots) should generally be hospitalized for 3 days assuming no rebleeding and no other
reason for hospitalization. They may be fed clear liquids soon after endoscopy. |
| Conditional recommendation (Class IIa) |
| 1. Routine second-look endoscopy, in which repeat endoscopy is performed 24 h after initial endoscopic hemostatic therapy, is not recommended. |
| 2.If further bleeding occurs after a second endoscopic therapeutic session, surgery or interventional radiology with transcathether arterial embolization is
generally employed |