Ribonuclease L or RNase L (for latent), known sometimes as ribonuclease 4 or 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-dependent ribonuclease — is an interferon (IFN)-induced ribonuclease which, upon activation, destroys all RNA within the cell (both cellular and viral). RNase L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNASELgene.[1]
This gene encodes a component of the interferon-regulated 2'-5'oligoadenylate (2'-5'A) system that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative roles of interferons. RNase L is activated by dimerization, which occurs upon 2'-5'A binding, and results in cleavage of all RNA in the cell. This can lead to activation of MDA5, an RNA helicase involved in the production of interferons.
File:RNAse L Pathway new.pngRNase L activation pathway-IFN factors bind the receptor and lead transcription and modifications of OAS. Viral dsRNA binds OAS, so that 2'-5'A is produced leading to the dimerization of RNase L. Activated RNase L cleaves all RNA in the cell, which can activate MDA5 leading to interferon production.
RNase L is present in very minute quantities during the normal cell cycle. When interferon binds to cell receptors, it activates transcription of around 300 genes to bring about the antiviral state. Among the enzymes produced is RNase L, which is initially in an inactive form. A set of transcribed genes codes for 2’-5’ Oligoadenylate Synthetase (OAS).[2] The transcribed RNA is then spliced and modified in the nucleus before reaching the cytoplasm and being translated into an inactive form of OAS. The location of OAS in the cell and the length of the 2’-5’ oligoadenylate depends on the post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications of OAS.[2]
OAS is only activated under a viral infection, when a tight binding of the inactive form of the protein with a viral dsRNA, consisting of the retrovirus’ ssRNA and its complementary strand, takes place. Once active, OAS converts ATP to pyrophosphate and 2’-5’-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), which are 5’ end phosphorylated.[3] 2-5 A molecules then bind to RNase L, promoting its activation by dimerization. In its activated form RNase L cleaves all RNA molecules in the cell leading to autophagy and apoptosis. Some of the resulting RNA fragments can also further induce the production of IFN-β as noted in the Significance section.[4]
This dimerization and activation of RNase L can be recognized using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), as oligoribonucleotides containing a quencher and a fluorophore on opposite sites are added to a solution with inactive RNase L. The FRET signal is then recorded as the quencher and the fluorophore are very close to each other. Upon the addition of 2-5A molecules, RNase L becomes active, cleaving the oligoribonucleotides and interfering in the FRET signal.[5]
Significance
RNase L is part of the body's innate immune defense, namely the antiviral state of the cell. When a cell is in the antiviral state, it is highly resistant to viral attacks and is also ready to undergo apoptosis upon successful viral infection. Degradation of all RNA within the cell (which usually occurs with cessation of translation activity caused by protein kinase R) is the cell's last stand against a virus before it attempts apoptosis.
Interferon beta (IFN-β), a type I interferon responsible for antiviral activity, is produced by RNAse L and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) in the infected cell. The relationship between RNAse L and MDA5 in the production of IFNs has been confirmed with siRNA tests silencing the expression of either molecule and noting a marked decline in IFN production.[6] MDA5, an RNA helicase, is known to be activated by long dsRNA transcribed from the viral genome.[6][7] In a cell with RNAse L, MDA5 activity may be further enhanced.[6] When active, RNAse L cleaves and identifies viral RNA and feeds it into MDA5 activation sites, enhancing the production of IFN-β. The RNA fragments produced by RNAse L have double stranded regions, as well as specific markers, that allow them to be identified by the RNAse L and MDA5.[4] Some studies have suggested that high levels of RNAse L may actually inhibit IFN-β production, but a clear linkage still exists between RNAse L activity and IFN-β production.[4]
Furthermore, it has been shown that RNase L is involved in many diseases. In 2002, the “hereditary prostate cancer 1” locus (HPC1) was mapped to the RNASEL gene, indicating that mutations in this gene cause a predisposition to prostate cancer.[8][9] Impairments of the OAS/RNase L pathway in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have been investigated.[10][11]
References
↑Squire J, Zhou A, Hassel BA, Nie H, Silverman RH (Jun 1994). "Localization of the interferon-induced, 2-5A-dependent RNase gene (RNS4) to human chromosome 1q25". Genomics. 19 (1): 174–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1033. PMID7514564.
↑ 2.02.1N. Sarkar, Saumendra; Pandley, Mitali; C. Sen, Ganes (2005). Interferon Methods and Protocols. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Human Press Inc. pp. 81–102. ISBN978-1-58829-418-0.
↑Liang, Shu-Ling; Quirk, David; Zhou, Aimin (September 2006). "RNase L: Its Biological Roles and Regulation". Life. 58 (9): 508–514. doi:10.1080/15216540600838232.
↑S. Thakur, Chandar; Xu, Zan; Wang, Zhengfu; Novince, Zachary; H. Silverman, Robert (2005). Interferon Methods and Protocols. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Human Press Inc. pp. 103–114. ISBN978-1-58829-418-0.
↑ 6.06.16.2Luthra, Priya; Sun, Dengyun; H. Silverman, Robert; He, Biao (18 January 2011). "Activation of IFN-β expression by a viral mRNA through RNase L and MDA5". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (5): 2118–2123. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012409108.
↑Carpten J, Nupponen N, Isaacs S, et al. (February 2002). "Germline mutations in the ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1". Nature Genetics. 30 (2): 181–4. doi:10.1038/ng823. PMID11799394.
↑Nijs J, De Meirleir K (Nov–Dec 2005). "Impairments of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L pathway in chronic fatigue syndrome". In Vivo. 19 (6): 1013–21. PMID16277015.
↑Suhadolnik RJ, et al. (1997). "Biochemical evidence for a novel low molecular weight 2-5A-dependent RNase L in chronic fatigue syndrome". J Interferon Cytokine Res. 17 (7): 377–85. doi:10.1089/jir.1997.17.377. PMID9243369.
Castelli J, Wood KA, Youle RJ (1999). "The 2-5A system in viral infection and apoptosis". Biomed. Pharmacother. 52 (9): 386–90. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(99)80006-7. PMID9856285.
Silverman RH (2003). "Implications for RNase L in prostate cancer biology". Biochemistry. 42 (7): 1805–12. doi:10.1021/bi027147i. PMID12590567.
Kieffer N, Schmitz M, Scheiden R, et al. (2006). "Involvement of the RNAse L gene in prostate cancer". Bulletin de la Société des sciences médicales du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (1): 21–8. PMID16869093.
Dong B, Xu L, Zhou A, et al. (1994). "Intrinsic molecular activities of the interferon-induced 2-5A-dependent RNase". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (19): 14153–8. PMID7514601.
Bisbal C, Martinand C, Silhol M, et al. (1995). "Cloning and characterization of a RNAse L inhibitor. A new component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A pathway". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (22): 13308–17. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13308. PMID7539425.
Zhou A, Hassel BA, Silverman RH (1993). "Expression cloning of 2-5A-dependent RNAase: a uniquely regulated mediator of interferon action". Cell. 72 (5): 753–65. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90403-D. PMID7680958.
Smith JR, Freije D, Carpten JD, et al. (1996). "Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search". Science. 274 (5291): 1371–4. doi:10.1126/science.274.5291.1371. PMID8910276.
Egesten A, Dyer KD, Batten D, et al. (1997). "Ribonucleases and host defense: identification, localization and gene expression in adherent monocytes in vitro". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1358 (3): 255–60. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(97)00081-5. PMID9366257.
Carpten JD, Makalowska I, Robbins CM, et al. (2000). "A 6-Mb high-resolution physical and transcription map encompassing the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) region". Genomics. 64 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.6051. PMID10708513.
Zhou A, Nie H, Silverman RH (2001). "Analysis and origins of the human and mouse RNase L genes: mediators of interferon action". Mamm. Genome. 11 (11): 989–92. doi:10.1007/s003350010194. PMID11063255.
